高加索历史和起源（英文，请翻译）

dc2278 · 发表于 2006-1-28 03:53:00

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<CENTER>History & Origin</CENTER>
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>Caucasian Ovcharka
In Europe, 10 thousands of years ago, dogs already lived together with humans. At this time and in this area they lived in the last ice age. Everything was frozen and mammoths which were food for humans, disappeared. Man was obligated to leave these territories and change their way of live in a nomadic lifestyle. Half domestic wolves followed the humans; they survived by eating their rests. The findings of domestic dog bones are not very old, they are about 9000 years old. In the steppe around the black sea and in the center of the Caucasus bones were found that belonged to the Bronze dog (Canis familiaris matris optimae). This dog was stronger,<IMG src="http://home.wxs.nl/~sro.sarisins/co1.JPG" align=left border=1> his head as seen by undersight is pointed, the forehead is flat, the stop is receding and the long muzzle finishes pointed.
It was 2000 years B-C and it was at the start of breeding. Since the beginning of the copper age people are settled in the Caucasus area. The settlers had a lot of trade relations with Asia and the Mediterranean area. They lived in fortified cities, they were breeders, farmers and craftsman. They owned goats, sheep and cows and they moved to different pastures according to the season. At this time, slave trading appeared and to protect their cities, houses, flocks and themselves, they bred mastiff dogs. The Caucasus was the passing through between Europe and Asia and was used by conquerors (Alexander the Great, Pompee, Tamerlan….) and by invaders such as the Scythes, Goths, Khazars, Perse, Huns, Mongols, Turcs… It was the scene for un-ended wars between all mountain tribes.
Actual geographic ground of the Caucasus: The Caucasus is a mountain chain going from the Black sea to the Caspian sea, a real border between Europe and Asia. It was formed by the Krasnodar and Stavropol area, the republics from Daghestan, Kardino-Balkirie, Ossetie from the north, Chechenie-Inguchie, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. These two later on formed the south Caucasus, Transcaucasus. The landscape of the Caucasus is very different. There are luxes<IMG src="http://home.wxs.nl/~sro.sarisins/co2.JPG" align=right border=1> woods, Dombai glaciers, mountain lakes, Daria Gorges and Black sea beaches. The weather is between temperate weather and subtropical weather. A total of 19 ethnical groups of people are represented.
Different types of Caucasian Ovcharki: The standard of the Caucasian Ovcharka gives us a real description about his morphology, but it describes us two types of phenotype and three varieties of hair. If this was the only truth we could be at ease. But when we visit exhibitions around the world we can see all kinds of differences in this breed.
What is a Caucasian Ovcharka?: It’s not necessary to take all the standard descriptions into consideration. We know that it is a strong breed, that his height measures are more than normal and without any regard about maximum height. Well, we want to show the differences in types, explain their own working qualities and prove that some extremely differences are not allowed. If we want to preserve and save the breed for the future, we must know more about the differences in type and help responsible breeders in their combination. To be honest I think the CO is very threatened by nationalism, by people who are just interested in the breeds active behaviour and particularly by some people who are breeding without knowledge about the differences in type. The CO standard gives us a first type called<IMG src="http://home.wxs.nl/~sro.sarisins/co3.JPG" align=left border=1> the mountain type. In the past this type was called the Transcaucasian type. We know that Transcaucasia was in the south of the Caucasus. This type of CO is the most desirable. The other type is the steppe type which adapted his body to his background. This type is less desirable because it is linked with his cousins the Central Asian Ovcharka, the Anatolian Shepherd and some others… The Steppe type of CO is less desirable because it’s a mixture but it also shows us the knowledge that these areas have been native areas for a lot of dogs which are now recognised as national breeds and for the origination of these breeds, the human selection acted. The mixture is a reality because we are in front of a group of dogs, breeds who are in the beginning of a selection and we will try to analyse the truth and the dangers together and maybe we can write the limits to let the CO be what he was: a working dog.
In 1954 Mazover wrote a description about 3 types of CO:
GEORGIAN TYPE Most appreciated, with strong skeleton, very high, rectangle body, long hair and grey color; we find a mane, long hair on the back legs and a bushy tail.
ARMENIAN TYPE A little bit smaller than the Georgian type. The skeleton is less developed, the body is square, long hair but less than the Georgian type and we still find mane, long hair on the back legs and a bushy tail. Unique color or grey and other colors, even brindle.
AZERBAIDZHAN TYPE Two types for this one: the steppe type, higher on the legs, with a well developed square body and flat muscles. The steppe type has short hair and many colors which is typical for this type. The mountain type is very similar to the Georgian type. These dogs always have a black mask, their color is fawn or red and we can find these colors in other areas. We find similar dogs with other names; often it is only the name of the area where they were bred.
BLOOD LINES ACTUALLY USED IN RUSSIA
Actually we know five centers of CO breeding in Russia. - MOSCOW - St PETERSBURG - IVANOVO - NIZHNI-NOVGOROD - PERM
In the beginning the stud dogs which were used were the same. In fact Russian people didn’t know this breed for a long time. The met the CO only when they conquered the Caucasian area in 1859. The first species of this breed were shown in 1930 but it’s real appearance was in 1960. In St. Petersburg, the whole breed is based on two stud dogs: - LEMAN - RESHAD (1966)
From Leman two dogs were very known: - ZULAT, staying in St. Petersburg - OSMAN sent to Moscow
Osman in combination with Chara gave very strong bodied dogs with a lot and very long hair. The most known dogs from this line were - YULAY - BELARA - TZIRGA
Reshad was often preferred for his powerful and rustic appearance. An other very good combination was from Raja and Jaconda, two of their puppies were send to the USA, Frant and Furt. Later in St Petersburg, an other bloodline was based on Amur and Dato, a species of the steppe type. Now, the best dogs are bred from two stud dogs, Osman II (no link with the first Osman) and Chelam

马甲 · 发表于 2006-2-10 17:33:00

翻译得真累，太长了，我初中英语水平弄这玩意还挺困难。[em04]

马甲 · 发表于 2006-2-20 17:49:00

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>原来版主的水平比我还差。[em01]

liuskyer · 发表于 2006-2-20 13:36:00

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>在欧洲,大约10000年前,狗就和人类生活在一起,当时正处于冰川时期,所有的一切都被冻结了,猛犸象(当时是人类的主要食物)灭绝了,人类不得不离开原住地,并改变以前的游牧方式.......
天哪,这么长,我实不行,我的英语四级三次才通过,真后悔当初读书不用功..

paulzhangbo · 发表于 2006-2-24 16:17:00

呵呵，看看

王水 · 发表于 2006-7-7 02:34:00

LECO · 发表于 2006-7-16 13:18:00

不懂就算啦吧!!!!!

楚Ж香帅 · 发表于 2006-12-8 20:14:00

请藏獒版WANNY斑竹帮忙翻译吧~~~~他在国外定居多年~~~对犬的培育饲养都是专家级的~~~楼主发给短信给WANNY大哥啊 ~~~~

cleopetra906 · 发表于 2006-12-4 16:16:00

一、先说狗的起源，然后说保护狗的血统，不要被不负责任不懂专业的养狗人混乱了血统二、然后说主要是说了高加索的2种分类法  1）一种根据地理位置，分成2种   一种是南部的Transcaucasian type，也是mountain type，毛长些，骨架大些，比较好的品种      另外一种差点，Steppe type ，混有中亚的几种狗的血统     2）还有种分法是1954年什么人分的，分成3类GEORGIAN TYPE， AZERBAIDZHAN TYPE，AZERBAIDZHAN TYPE 三、最后说了俄国的5个出名的养犬中心，分别以什么狗著称大致这样吧，具体好多地名不清楚，就记得说是凯撒大帝征服世界都用了高加索

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