每日一贴:犬病大全

般若空明

传染病 Infectious diseases病毒感染 Viral infections

⑴狂犬病是一种能够感染任何哺乳动物的致命性病毒疾病，因此这是一种人畜共患病。该病因人与犬的密切关系而备受关注。犬接种狂犬疫苗通常是法律规定的。
Rabies (hydrophobia) is a fatal viral disease that can affect any mammal, although the close relationship of dogs with humans makes canine rabies a zoonotic concern. Vaccination of dogs for rabies is commonly required by law.

⑵犬细小病毒病在某些情况下是一种致命的胃肠道感染性疾病，常见于幼犬。全球均有该病例。
Canine parvovirus is a sometimes fatal gastrointestinal infection that mainly affects puppies. It occurs worldwide.

⑶犬冠状病毒病是一种胃肠道疾病，通常无症状或仅有轻微的临床症状。幼犬发病时症状比较明显。
Canine coronavirus is a gastrointestinal disease that is usually asymptomatic or with mild clinical signs. The signs are worse in puppies.

⑷犬瘟热通常是一种致命的传染病，主要可见呼吸和神经系统疾病症状。
Canine distemper is an often fatal infectious disease that mainly has respiratory and neurologic signs.

⑸犬流感是一种新兴的呼吸系统传染性疾病。将近80%的被感染的犬只会出现症状，但死亡率仅为5-8%。
Canine influenza is a newly emerging infectious respiratory disease. Up to 80 percent of dogs infected will have symptoms, but the mortality rate is only 5 to 8 percent.

⑹传染性犬肝炎在某些情况下是一种致命的肝病。
Infectious canine hepatitis is a sometimes fatal infectious disease of the liver.

⑺犬疱疹病毒感染是一种通常导致小于三周龄的幼犬死亡的传染病。
Canine herpesvirus is an infectious disease that is a common cause of death in puppies less than three weeks old.

⑻伪狂犬病是一种最初感染猪的传染病，但也可导致犬死亡，其症状类似狂犬病。
Pseudorabies is an infectious disease that primarily affects swine, but can also cause a fatal disease in dogs with signs similar to rabies.

细菌感染 Bacterial infections

⑴布鲁氏菌病是一种性传播细菌性疾病，该病能导致犬只葡萄膜炎，流产和睾丸炎。
Brucellosis is a sexually transmitted bacterial disease that can cause uveitis, abortion, and orchitis in dogs.

⑵钩端螺旋体病是一种由螺旋菌引起的传染病。症状有肝脏、省脏衰竭和血管炎。
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by a spirochaete. Symptoms include liver and kidney failure and vasculitis.

⑶莱姆病是一种由伯氏疏螺旋体引起的疾病，由硬蜱属的蜱类传播。犬的症状有急性关节炎、食欲减退和昏睡。人感染会出现皮疹，而犬没有该症状。
Lyme disease is a disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochaete, and spread by ticks of the genus Ixodes. Symptoms in dogs include acute arthritis, anorexia, and lethargy. There is no rash as is typically seen in humans.

⑷埃里克氏体病是一种由犬埃立克体引起的疾病，由棕色狗蜱传播。临床症状有发热、血管炎和血细胞数量降低。
Ehrlichiosis is a disease caused by Ehrlichia canis and spread by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineous. Signs include fever, vasculitis, and low blood counts.

⑸犬落基山斑疹热是一种人犬共患的立克次体病。该病由立克次氏体引起，由革蜱属的蜱类传播。犬的症状类似于人，包括食欲不振、发热、血小板减少。
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a rickettsial disease that occurs in dogs and humans. It is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and spread by ticks of the genus Dermacentor. Signs are similar to human disease, including anorexia, fever, and thrombocytopenia.

⑹梭状芽孢杆菌病是潜在引起犬只腹泻的一种疾病。引起疾病的物种包括梭状芽孢杆菌和难辨梭状芽孢杆菌。
Clostridium species are a potential cause of diarrhea in dogs. Associated species include C. perfringens and C. difficile.

⑺犬窝咳是一种传染性呼吸系统疾病，该病可由数种病毒引起，或博氏杆菌。该疾病常见于犬只挤堆且封闭的犬舍。
Kennel cough is an infectious respiratory disease which can be caused by one of several viruses or by Bordetella bronchiseptica. It most commonly occurs in dogs in close confinement such as kennels.

真菌感染 Fungal infections

⑴芽生菌病是一种真菌感染性疾病，由皮炎芽生菌引起，为人犬共患病。犬患该病的机率比人高出十倍多。该疾病能影响犬的眼、脑、肺、皮肤和骨骼。
Blastomycosis is a fungal disease caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis that affects both dogs and humans. Dogs are ten times more likely to be infected than humans. The disease in dogs can affect the eyes, brain, lungs, skin, or bones.

⑵组织胞浆菌病是一种菌感染性疾病，由组织胞浆菌引起，为人犬共患病。该疾病影响犬的肺和小肠。
Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum that affects both dogs and humans. The disease in dogs usually affects the lungs and small intestine.

⑶球孢子菌病是一种由粗球孢子菌引起的真菌感染性疾病，为人犬共患病。感染该疾病的犬会表现出咳嗽、发热、嗜睡和厌食等症状。许多病例出现由骨骼病变引起的跛行。
Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis that affects both dogs and humans. In dogs signs include coughing, fever, lethargy, and anorexia. Many cases include lameness due to bone lesions.

⑷隐球菌病是由溶组织酵母菌引起的人犬共患病。犬极少罹患该病，猫的患病率比犬要高出十倍。该疾病能影响犬的肺和皮肤，但更常见于眼和中枢神经系统。
Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans that affects both dogs and humans. It is a rare disease in dogs, with cats seven to ten times more likely to be infected. The disease in dogs can affect the lungs and skin, but more commonly the eye and central nervous system.

⑸癣菌病是一种真菌性皮肤病，70%的病例由犬小孢子菌引起、20%的病例由石膏样小孢子菌引起、10%的病例由须癣毛癣菌引起。典型的症状包括脱毛和鳞屑。
Ringworm is a fungal skin disease that in dogs is caused by Microsporum canis (70%), Microsporum gypseum (20%), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (10%). Typical signs in dogs include hair loss and scaly skin.

⑹孢子丝菌病是一种由申克孢子丝菌引起的人犬共患的真菌性疾病。犬罹患该疾病的概率较小，兽药治疗以猫和马感染为主。患病犬通常在头部和躯干出现结节性皮肤损伤。
Sporotrichosis is a fungal disease caused by Sporothrix schenckii that affects both dogs and humans. It is a rare disease in dogs, with cat and horse infections predominating in veterinary medicine. The disease in dogs is usually nodular skin lesions of the head and trunk.

⑺曲霉病是一种最初由曲霉菌引起的真菌性疾病。感染部位通常在鼻腔。患犬的典型症状包括打喷嚏、多鼻分泌物、流鼻血和鼻溃疡。
Aspergillosis is a fungal disease that in dogs is caused primarily by Aspergillus fumigatus. Infection is usually in the nasal cavity. Typical signs in dogs include sneezing, nasal discharge, bleeding from the nose, and ulcerations of the nose.

⑻Pythiosis病是由腐霉属的一种水霉菌引起的疾病。常见于犬和马，但也能感染人。该疾病影响患犬的消化系统和淋巴结，罕见于皮肤。
Pythiosis is a disease cause by a water mould of the genus Pythium, P. insidiosum. It occurs primarily in dogs and horses, but can also affect humans. In dogs it affects the gastrointestinal system and lymph nodes, and rarely the skin.

⑼毛霉菌病是各种由真菌和霉菌引起的犬消化道和皮肤病的统称，包括Pythiosis病、接合菌病和lagenidiosis病。
Mucormycosis is a collection of fungal and mold diseases in dogs including pythiosis, zygomycosis, and lagenidiosis that affect the gastrointestinal tract and skin.

原虫疾病 Protozoal diseases

⑴贾第虫病，又称贾第鞭毛虫病，是由原生动物蓝氏贾第虫感染肠道引起的疾病。最常见的症状是腹泻。该疾病是否为人畜共患病尚存争议。
Giardiasis is an intestinal infection in dogs caused by the protozoa Giardia lamblia. The most common symptom is diarrhea. The zoonotic potential of giardiasis is controversial.

⑵球虫病可由多种球虫生物引起，最常见的病原为等孢球虫。通常该疾病无症状，但也有可能出现腹泻和体重减轻。
Coccidiosis can be caused by a variety of coccidian organisms in dogs, most commonly Isospora. There are usually no symptoms, but diarrhea and weight loss may occur.

⑶利什曼病是由白蛉传播的人犬共患病，疾病影响皮肤和内脏。
Leishmaniasis is spread by the sandfly, and in the dog as well as human has both cutaneous and visceral forms.

⑷犬巴贝斯虫病是由硬蜱科的蜱类传播的疾病。巴贝斯属中能感染犬只的两种蜱分别为犬巴贝斯虫和吉氏巴贝虫。巴贝斯虫病能引起犬只的溶血性贫血。
Babesiosis is spread by members of the family Ixodidae, or hard ticks. The two species of the genus Babesia that affect dogs are B. canis and B. gibsoni. Babesiosis can cause hemolytic anemia in dogs.

⑸犬新孢子虫病是由犬新孢子虫引起的疾病。犬新孢子虫是一种组织内形成包类的原虫，引起犬全身性疾病，类似刚地弓形虫，以前诊断为致死性弓形虫病。
Neosporosis is caused by Neospora caninum.

其他传染病 Other infections

⑴原藻病是由无绿原藻引起的传染病，易在患犬体内扩散。症状包括体重减轻、葡萄膜炎、视网膜脱离等。

寄生虫疾病 Parasites肠道寄生虫 Intestinal parasites

⑴钩虫病是犬类常见的寄生虫病。最常见的寄生虫是犬钩虫，其次是狭头钩虫和巴西钩口线虫。感染后的症状包括腹泻、呕吐和体重减轻。
Hookworms are a common parasite of dogs. Most common is Ancylostoma caninum, followed by Uncinaria stenocephala and A. braziliense. Signs include diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss.

⑵犬绦虫病也很常见，通常是由犬复孔绦虫引起，传播媒介为跳蚤和虱子。豆状带绦虫引起的绦虫病也很普遍，传播媒介为兔和啮齿动物。棘球蚴属、线中绦虫属和裂头绦虫属的绦虫引起的感染比较罕见，这些绦虫感染通常无明显症状。
Tapeworms are also common and in the dog are usually Dipylidium caninum, which is spread by ingesting fleas and lice. Also common is Taenia pisiformis, spread by ingesting rabbits and rodents. Rare tapeworm infections are caused by species of the genera Echinococcus, Mesocestoides, and Spirometra. There are usually no symptoms.

⑶蛔虫病，又称弓首线虫病，是由犬弓首蛔虫和狮蛔虫引起的疾病。症状通常比较温和，但也可能包括腹泻、腹部胀大、发育迟缓和呕吐。
Roundworms (see also toxocariasis) infecting the dog include Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina. Signs are usually mild, but may include diarrhea, pot-bellied appearance, poor growth, and vomiting.

跳蚤 Fleas

⑴跳蚤能引起犬只瘙痒和脱毛。犬只最常见的跳蚤有猫蚤和猫栉首蚤，其次为狗蚤和犬栉首蚤。防治请见防治蚤病、去除跳蚤、驱除跳蚤。
Fleas in dogs cause itching and hair loss. The most common flea in dogs is the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, followed by the dog flea, C. canis.

蜱 Ticks

⑴蜱是犬的体外寄生虫，并且是一些疾病的传播媒介，例如莱姆病、落基山斑疹热（见犬落基山斑疹热）、巴贝斯虫病（见犬巴贝斯虫、诊治犬巴贝斯虫病）、埃里克氏体病。有些硬蜱在叮刺吸血过程中唾液分泌的神经毒素可导致宿主运动性纤维的传导障碍，引起上行性肌肉麻痹现象，继而可导致呼吸衰竭而死亡，称为蜱瘫痪。
Ticks are an external parasite of the dog and can spread diseases such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis. They can also cause a neurological disorder known as tick paralysis.

心脏蠕虫 Heartworm

⑴心蠕虫病是由蚊子传播的疾病，病原为犬恶丝虫。临床症状有咳嗽、呼吸困难、甚至死亡。
Heartworm disease in dogs is spread by mosquitoes and is spread by the parasite Dirofilaria immitis. Signs include cough, difficulty breathing, and death.

螨 Mites

⑴耳螨（也可以参考耳痒螨病）是由耳痒螨属的耳痒螨寄生于外耳道所引起的外耳部的炎症。症状有瘙痒、炎症、耳道中有黑色碎片。
Ear mites in dogs are microscopic members of the species Otodectes cynotis. Symptoms include itching, inflammation, and black debris in the ear.

⑵莎拉堤拉恙虫病是一种温和的皮肤搔痒症。病原为一种会游走的螨，称为Cheyletiella yasguri。能瞬间感染人。
Cheyletiellosis is a mild pruritic skin disease in dogs caused by Cheyletiella yasguri. Humans can be transiently infected.

⑶恙螨，又称沙蚤，能引起患犬瘙痒、红斑、皮屑。
Chiggers, also known as harvest mites, can cause itching, redness and crusting in dogs.

⑷牛疥癣包括毛囊虫皮肤病（见蠕形螨病、防治蠕形螨病）和疥疮（见耳疥螨病、耳疥螨与疥螨）。毛囊虫皮肤病是由犬蠕形螨引起的，症状包括脱毛、红斑和鳞屑，不能传染人。疥疮是由犬疥螨引起的，症状有重度瘙痒、鳞屑，能够传染人。
Mange in dogs include demodectic mange and sarcoptic mange. Demodectic mange is caused by Demodex canis. Signs include hair loss, redness, and scaling, and is not contagious to humans. Sarcoptic mange is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei canis. Signs include intense itching and scaling, and is contagious to humans.

旋毛虫病 Trichinellosis

⑴旋毛虫病是由旋毛形线虫和布氏旋毛虫引起的寄生虫病。
Trichinellosis caused by Trichinella spiralis, T. britovi.

骨骼肌肉疾病 Skeletal and muscular disorders

⑴骨关节炎（骨关节病），又名退行性关节炎，是一种常见的犬病。特点是四肢关节软骨逐步退化。该疾病能造成犬只疼痛和跛行。治疗方法有非甾体抗炎药、糖皮质激素和联合流体变性剂，如糖胺药。其他治疗方法还包括：外科手术、按摩、热压、矫正与针灸。
Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative arthritis, is a common condition in dogs characterized by progressive deterioration of articular cartilage in the joints of the limbs. It can cause a great deal of pain and lameness. Treatment options include medications such as NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and joint fluid modifiers such as glycosaminoglycans. Other treatments include surgery, massage, warm compresses, chiropractic, and acupuncture.

⑵犬髋关节发育不良是一种遗传病，特征是髋臼及股骨头发育异常。多见于大型犬。
Hip dysplasia is an inherited disease in dogs that is characterized by abnormal development of the acetabulum and head of the femur. It is more common in large breeds.

⑶犬肘部发育不良，肘关节发育不良，是大型犬常见的一种疾病。它包括几个不同的肘关节遗传病症:内侧的肱骨髁软骨炎，内侧冠状突尺骨裂，尺骨愈合不全。
Elbow dysplasia is a condition found more commonly in large breeds. It incorporates several different hereditary conditions of the elbow, including osteochondritis of the medial condyle of the humerus, fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna, and ununited anconeal process of the ulna.

⑷髌骨脱位指髌骨向内或侧向位移。大多数情况是遗传所致，但也有由创伤所致的。该疾病常见于小型犬。
Luxating patella is a medial or lateral displacement of the patella, or kneecap. It is strongly suspected to be inherited, but can also result from trauma. It is more common in smaller breeds of dogs.

⑸分离性骨软骨炎指未成熟关节软骨与骨骼分离。该疾病由骨软骨病引起。最常见于膝关节，肘，肩，踝关节。
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is separation of immature articular cartilage from underlying bone. It is most commonly seen in the stifle, elbow, shoulder, and hock.

⑹犬全骨炎是中大型犬种常见的一种未知原因引起的疾病，该疾病造成犬只疼痛并逐渐引起跛行。主要影响犬只前后肢的主腿骨。
Panosteitis is a common disease of unknown cause that causes pain and a shifting leg lameness in medium and large breed dogs. It affects the long bones of the hind and forelimbs.

⑺股骨头缺血性坏死综合征，又称为Perthes病或股骨头无菌性坏死，其特征为畸形头股骨和髋关节疼痛，见于小型幼犬。
Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome, also known as Perthes disease or aseptic necrosis of the femoral head, is characterized by a deformity of the head of the femur and hip pain. It occurs in small breed puppies.

⑻背痛，常见于背部较长的犬种，例如巴萨特猎犬和腊肠犬，通常由椎间盘疾病引起，由变性和凸出部分的脊椎骨压迫脊髓所致。常见于颈椎和腰椎部位。症状有背痛、后肢无力、瘫痪等。
Back pain in dogs, particularly in long-backed breeds, such as Basset Hounds and Dachshunds, is usually caused by intervertebral disk disease. It is caused by degeneration and protrusion of the disk and compression of the spinal cord. It occurs most commonly in the cervical and thoracolumbar regions. Signs include back pain, hind limb weakness, and paralysis.

⑼先天性脊柱畸形，包括蝴蝶椎、脊椎分节不全、椎骨移行、半椎等，指犬只各脊柱骨的形成异常。大多数都有明显的临床表现，这些病变造成椎管变形或不稳定从而压迫到脊髓。
Congenital vertebral anomalies, including butterfly, block, and transitional vertebrae, and hemivertebrae, are a collection of malformations of the spine in animals. Most are not clinically significant, but they can cause compression of the spinal cord by deforming the vertebral canal or causing instability.

⑽前颚骨病是一种常见于西部高地白梗和其他梗类犬的一种遗传病。该疾病是一种幼犬发育性疾病，造成颌骨和头骨的结构改变。临床症状包括张口时的疼痛。
Craniomandibular osteopathy is a hereditary disease in West Highland White Terriers and also occurs in other terrier breeds. It is a developmental disease in puppies causing extensive bony changes in the mandible and skull. Signs include pain upon opening the mouth.

⑾肥大性骨病是肺病的继发性疾病，其特征为主干骨外侧增生新的骨骼。
Hypertrophic osteopathy is a bone disease secondary to disease in the lungs. It is characterized by new bone formation on the outside of the long bones.

⑿肥大性骨营养不良是大型犬中迅速发展的一种骨病。症状包括干骨后端肿大、疼痛、抑郁、厌食、发热等。这种疾病通常是两侧肢体对称的。
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy is a bone disease in rapidly growing large breed dogs. Signs include swelling of the metaphysis (the part of the bone adjacent to the joint), pain, depression, loss of appetite, and fever. The disease is usually bilateral in the limb bones.

⒀变形性脊椎病是脊椎的横向和纵向骨质增生。通常在拍X光片时偶然发现，极少有临床症状表现。
Spondylosis, known as spondylosis deformans in dogs, is growth of osteophytes on the ventral and lateral surfaces of the vertebral bodies. It is usually an incidental finding on radiographs and rarely causes symptoms.

⒁咀嚼肌肌炎是一种炎症性疾病，它影响到犬只的下颌肌。症状有下颌肌肿大、张口时的疼痛。慢性咀嚼肌肌炎中，下颌肌肉萎缩、咀嚼肌纤维化，这将导致犬只无法张口。
Masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) is an inflammatory disease in dogs affecting the muscles of the jaw. Signs include swelling of the jaw muscles and pain on opening the mouth. In chronic MMM there is atrophy of the jaw muscles, and scarring of the masticatory muscles due to fibrosis may result in inability to open the mouth (trismus).

心血管和循环系统疾病 Cardiovascular and circulatory

血小板相关疾病 Platelet disorders

⑴血管性血友病是一种人和犬中常见的遗传病。该疾病由血管假性血友病因子缺陷所引起。血管假性血友病因子与凝血机制相关。该疾病的严重程度根据正常血管假性血友病因子的数量而不同。症状包括自发性出血和术后、受伤、发情期间的失血过多。
von Willebrand disease is an inherited, common disease found in both dogs and humans. It is characterized by a deficiency of a protein called von Willebrand factor, which is involved in blood clotting. The disease varies from mild to severe, depending on the amount of von Willebrand factor present in the dog. Signs include spontaneous bleeding and excessive bleeding following surgery, injury, or during an estrous cycle.

⑵血小板减少症表现为血小板计数过低，是犬类常见疾病。血小板是用来凝血的，因此患犬可能会出现自发性出血或术后、受伤、发情时的凝血时间增长。
Thrombocytopenia is a common condition in dogs characterized by low platelet counts. Platelets are used in clotting the blood, so dogs with this condition may have spontaneous bleeding or prolonged bleeding following surgery, injury, or during an estrous cycle. Causes include some rickettsial infections such as ehrlichiosis, cancers such as hemangiosarcoma, or immune-mediated disease.

⑶血小板增多症表现为血小板计数过高。大多数病例是生理性的（由运动引起）或继发性的（由癌症、失血或某些药物引起）。该疾病极少由原发性骨髓异常引起。原发性骨髓异常所引起的血小板增多症中，血小板功能异常导致凝血异常。
Thrombocytosis is a condition characterized by an excess of platelets. Most cases are physiologic (caused by exercise) or reactive (secondary to some cancers, blood loss, or certain drugs). Rarely the condition is caused by a primary bone marrow disorder. In this last case, the platelets may not function normally, causing the blood to not clot properly.

溶血性贫血 Hemolytic anemia

⑴溶血性贫血是一种再生性贫血，患犬的血细胞遭到破坏。最重要的一种溶血性贫血是免疫性溶血性贫血，分为原发性和由癌症、感染、药物或疫苗引起的继发性免疫性溶血性贫血。血细胞表面存在某些特异的抗体，导致细胞溶解继而引起严重的贫血。其他导致溶血性病变的病因有低磷血症、毒素中毒如铅（见有关犬只贫血疾病的诊断和治疗—铅中毒）、传染病如埃立克体病（见犬落基山斑疹热）、或巴贝斯虫病（见犬巴贝斯虫、诊治犬巴贝斯虫病）。亦有少量病例为新生犬黄疸性溶血症。如果犬只出现异食灰尘、瓷砖、沙土时，有可能是患上了溶血性贫血，此时需要对犬只的红细胞进行计数以作进一步诊断。
Hemolytic anemia is a type of regenerative anemia found in dogs characterized by destruction of the red blood cell. The most important type is immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, which can be a primary disease or secondary to cancer, infection, drugs, or vaccinations. Antibodies are present on the cell surface, leading to lysis and severe anemia. Other causes of hemolytic lesion include hypophosphatemia, exposure to toxins such as lead, infections such as ehrlichiosis or babesiosis, and rarely, neonatal isoerythrolysis. The behavioral condition pica, especially when involving the eating of concrete dust, tile grout, or sand, may be a sign of hemolytic anemia, indicating the need for a complete blood count to investigate a possible diagnosis.

心脏疾病 Heart diseases

⑴退行性二尖瓣病变是引起犬只充血性心力衰竭的常见病因，尤其是小型犬和老年犬。心脏的单向阀出现增厚和结节，导致二尖瓣返流和左侧心脏的超量负荷。骑士查理王猎犬具有遗传性退行性二尖瓣病变。
Degenerative mitral valve disease is a common cause of congestive heart failure in dogs, especially small, older dogs. The leaflets of the valve become thickened and nodular, leading to mitral valve regurgitation and volume overload of the left side of the heart. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels have an inherited form of this disease.

⑵扩张型心肌病是指心肌异常引起的心房和心室扩张。常见于大型犬，如拳师犬、大丹犬和杜宾犬。该疾病通常是特发性的，但也可能由牛磺酸缺乏（见于可卡犬）和使用抗癌药物多柔比星引起。扩张型心肌病通常会导致充血性心力衰竭。
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a disease of heart muscle resulting in atrial and ventricular dilation. It is seen in large dog breeds such as Boxers, Great Danes, and Dobermanns. It is usually idiopathic, but can also be caused by taurine deficiency in Cocker Spaniels or doxorubicin use. Dilated cardiomyopathy usually results in congestive heart failure.

⑶充血性心力衰竭指任何导致心脏不能提供犬只所需血液供应的所有心脏病。该疾病能由退行性二尖瓣病变、扩张型心肌病、中暑、触电、受伤、感染、发展型心脏缺损或高血压引起。症状取决于心脏的哪一边受到影响。左边心脏异常可导致咳嗽、肺水肿引起的呼吸困难和昏晕。右边心脏异常可导致腹水、胸腔积液或周围水肿。
Congestive heart failure is any heart disease that results in the inability to put out enough blood to meet the dog's needs. It can be caused by the above two diseases, heat stroke, electric shock, injury, infection, developmental heart defects, or high blood pressure. Signs depend on which side of the heart is affected. Left-sided heart failure may result in coughing and difficulty breathing from a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) and fainting. Right-sided heart failure may result in a build-up of fluid in the abdomen (ascites), fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion), or peripheral edema.

⑷病态窦房结综合征是一种常见于雌性迷你型雪纳瑞的疾病。它的特征是窦房结功能障碍并常伴有房室结疾病和束支传导阻滞。心电图检查结果包括窦性心动过缓、窦性停搏、窦性心脏传导阻滞，和心搏停止。主要症状是昏晕。
Sick sinus syndrome is most commonly seen in female Miniature Schnauzers. It is characterized by sinoatrial node dysfunction and often includes atrioventricular node disease and bundle branch block. Electrocardiogram findings include sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, sinoatrial heart block, and asystole. The major sign is fainting.

⑸各种心脏缺损类疾病 Various heart defects

• 主动脉瓣狭窄是一种先天性疾病。特征是左心室流出道梗阻。常见于纽芬兰犬、金毛寻回猎犬、罗威纳犬、拳师犬、英国斗牛犬、德国牧羊犬和萨摩耶犬。Aortic stenosis is a congenital disease in dogs characterized by left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. It is inherited in Newfoundlands, and also found in Golden Retrievers, Rottweilers, Boxers, Bulldogs, German Shepherd Dogs, and Samoyeds. Signs include fainting and exercise intolerance.
• 肺动脉瓣狭窄是一种先天性疾病。特征是右心室流出道阻塞。最常见的狭窄部位为肺动脉瓣。常见于梗类犬（见犬种群3-第一部分：大、中型梗犬 Section 1: Large and medium-sized Terriers 、犬种群3-第二部分：小型梗犬 Section 2: Small-sized Terriers、犬种群3-第三部分：牛头类梗犬 Section 3: Bull type Terriers和犬种群3-第四部分：玩具梗犬 Section 4: Toy Terriers）、英国斗牛犬、迷你型雪纳瑞、吉娃娃、萨摩耶、比格犬、凯斯犬、獒犬和斗牛獒。临床症状包括运动不耐，但大多数病例仅有心脏杂音。Pulmonic stenosis is a congenital disease in dogs characterized by right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Most commonly the narrowing occurs at the pulmonary valve. The most commonly affected breeds include terriers, Bulldogs, Miniature Schnauzers, Chihuahuas, Samoyeds, Beagles, Keeshonds, Mastiffs, and Bullmastiffs. Signs include exercise intolerance, but often there is only a heart murmur.
• 心室间隔缺损指心脏心室间隔上有洞。这是一种先天性疾病。通常患犬没有明显症状，仅有心脏杂音。Ventricular septal defect is a hole in the division between the heart ventricles. It is a congenital disease in dogs. There usually are no signs in dogs except for a heart murmur.
• 心房间隔缺损指心脏房室间隔上有洞，很少见于犬。大多数病例没有明显临床症状，但缺损严重会导致心脏衰竭、紫绀和运动不耐。Atrial septal defect is a hole in the division between the heart atria. It is an uncommon condition in dogs. Most are not clinically significant, but large defects may cause heart failure, cyanosis, and exercise intolerance.
• 法乐氏四联症是一种先天性心脏病，它包括四个部位的异常：肺动脉瓣狭窄、心室间隔缺损、右心室流出道狭窄和主动脉栓塞。凯斯犬和英国斗牛犬易感。症状有紫绀和运动不耐。Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect in dogs that includes four separate defects: pulmonic stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta. Keeshonds and Bulldogs are predisposed. Signs include cyanosis and exercise intolerance.
• 动脉导管未闭在美国是犬中最常见的先天性心脏病。常见于玩具型和迷你型贵宾犬、博美犬、比雄犬和马尔济斯犬。症状包括咳嗽和运动不耐。Patent ductus arteriosus is the most common congenital heart defect in dogs in the United States. It is inherited in toy and miniature Poodles, and seen commonly in Pomeranians, Bichon Frises, and Malteses. Signs include cough and exercise intolerance.
• 心脏瓣膜发育异常（包括二尖瓣发育异常及三尖瓣发育异常）是一种先天性心脏病。二尖瓣及三尖瓣发育不良包括房室瓣增厚、缩短、或有缺口。Heart valve dysplasia (including mitral and tricuspid valve dysplasia) is a congenital heart defect in dogs. Dysplasia of the mitral and tricuspid valves - also known as the atrioventricular (AV) valves - can appear as thickened, shortened, or notched valves.
• 三房心，特指右侧三房心，表现为右心房出现纤维化间隔。可用球囊成形术治疗。Cor triatriatum, specifically cor triatriatum dexter, occurs in dogs and is characterized by a fibrous division of the right atrium. It can be treated by balloon valvuloplasty.
  

心包积液 Pericardial effusion

⑴心包积液指心包积存了心包液。心包液是浆液性的（透明或黄色的液体）或血性浆液。严重积液是由心力衰竭、心包囊横膈疝气、尿毒症、心包囊肿或低蛋白血症引起。血性浆液积存可能由癌症（通常是血管肉瘤）、特发性疾病、创伤、凝血障碍或左心房破裂引起的。心包积液也能由感染引起，所积液体为脓液，但很罕见。引流是一种理想的治疗方法。
Pericardial effusion is a collection of fluid in the pericardium. It is usually serous (clear or yellow fluid) or serosanguinous (bloody fluid). Serious accumulation is caused by heart failure, peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernias, uremia, pericardial cysts, or hypoalbuminemia. Serosanguinous accumulation can be caused by cancer, usually hemangiosarcoma, idiopathic disease, trauma, clotting disorders, or left atrial rupture. Rarely pericardial effusion can be caused by infection and consist of pus. Drainage of the fluid is the ideal treatment.

肺动脉高压 Pulmonary hypertension

⑴肺动脉高压由心蠕虫病或肺血栓栓塞症引起。该疾病能导致右侧心脏疾病（肺心病）。症状包括呼吸困难、紫绀和运动不耐。
Pulmonary hypertension is high pressure in the pulmonary artery. In dogs it can be caused by heartworm disease or pulmonary thromboembolism. It can result in right-sided heart disease (cor pulmonale). Signs include difficulty breathing, cyanosis, and exercise intolerance.

遗传性嗜中性白血球减少症 Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome

⑴遗传性嗜中性白血球减少症是一种常染色体隐性遗传疾病，该疾病导致成体中性粒细胞无法从骨髓迁移到血液中。患犬会得慢性感染并生长迟滞。其他症状包括发育不良和出现鼬样的面部表情。该疾病常见于边境牧羊犬。
Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease which results in mature neutrophils being unable to migrate from the bone marrow into the blood. Affected pups suffer from chronic infections and failure to thrive. Other symptoms can include stunted growth and a ferret like facial appearance. The disease is common in Border collies.

神经系统疾病 Nervous system

⑴脊髓空洞症是一种脊髓病变，脊髓内形成包含液体的囊。引起犬类脊髓空洞症主要是由ChiariI畸形引起的。ChiariI畸形由发育不良的枕骨干扰脊髓液循环并导致颈髓积液。这是一种先天性疾病，常见于小型犬，尤其是骑士查理王猎犬。症状包括共济失调、虚弱和颈部疼痛。
Syringomyelia is a condition where a fluid filled sac develops in the spinal cord. The most important cause in dogs is by a Chiari I malformation, which is when an underdeveloped occipital bone interferes with spinal fluid circulation and results in fluid accumulation in the cervical spinal cord. This is a congenital disease most commonly found in small breeds, especially the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Signs include ataxia, weakness, and neck pain.

⑵犬癫痫病可以是原发性的、特发性的、遗传性的或继发性（由脑创伤或中枢神经系统感染等疾病引起）。特发性犬癫痫常见于德国牧羊犬、比格犬和腊肠犬。最常见的发病年龄为幼成犬期。
Epilepsy in dogs can be a primary, idiopathic, inherited disorder or secondary to previous head trauma or CNS infections. Idiopathic epilepsy is commonly found in breeds such as German Shepherd Dogs, Beagles, and Dachshunds. The most common sign recurring generalized seizures beginning at a young adult age.

⑶小脑发育不全是指小脑的不完整发育。引起犬只小脑发育不全最常见的原因是宫内感染犬疱疹病毒。在刚毛猎狐梗和爱尔兰雪达犬中发现该疾病与无脑回畸形有关。松狮犬中也发现该疾病与其它疾病有关。
Cerebellar hypoplasia is an incomplete development of the cerebellum. The most common cause in dogs is an in utero infection with canine herpesvirus. It is also seen associated with lissencephaly in Wire-haired Fox Terriers and Irish Setters, and as a separate condition in Chow Chows.

⑷神经丛神经病是一系列周围神经疾病的总称，通常不同犬种所患的神经病不同。与单神经病不同，神经丛神经病涉及多条神经发生的病变。神经丛神经病通常伴有运动神经功能障碍，也称为下位运动神经元病。
Polyneuropathy is a collection of peripheral nerve disorders that often are breed-related in dogs. Polyneuropathy indicates that multiple nerves are involved, unlike mononeuropathy. Polyneuropathy usually involves motor nerve dysfunction, also known as lower motor neuron disease.

⑸Scotty痉挛是苏格兰梗中可能患有的一种疾病，该疾病导致犬只的腿痉挛和过度伸展。该疾病是由血清素代谢异常引起的血清素不足所导致的。 Scotty Cramp is a disease in Scottish Terriers causing spasms and hyperflexion and hyperextension of the legs. It is caused by a disorder in serotonin metabolism that causes a deficiency of available serotonin.

⑹马尾神经综合征，也称退行性腰骶狭窄，是由腰骶椎管变窄压迫马尾神经的一种疾病。常见于德国牧羊犬。症状有：疼痛、虚弱和后肢肌肉萎缩。
Cauda equina syndrome, also known as degenerative lumbosacral stenosis, in dogs is a compression of the cauda equina by a narrowing of the lumbosacral vertebral canal. It is most commonly seen in German Shepherd Dogs. Signs include pain, weakness, and rear limb muscle atrophy.

⑺猎浣熊犬瘫痪症是一种见于猎浣熊犬的多神经根神经炎。病因与浣熊咬伤有关。症状包括：后肢乏力迅速发展至瘫痪和反射降低。
Coonhound paralysis is a type of polyradiculoneuritis seen in Coonhounds. The cause has been related to a raccoon bite. Signs include rear leg weakness progressing rapidly to paralysis, and decreased reflexes.

⑻蜱瘫痪是由雌性蜱唾液中发现的一种神经毒素引起的疾病。在北美，该疾病主要由革蜱属的蜱引起，而在澳大利亚则主要由硬蜱属的蜱引起。症状是逐步显现出来的，包括运动不协调发展至瘫痪、变声和摄食困难。
Tick paralysis is a disease in dogs caused by a neurotoxin found in the saliva of female ticks. Dermacentor species predominate as a cause in North America, while Ixodes mainly causes the disease in Australia. There is a gradual onset of signs, which include incoordination progressing to paralysis, changed voice, and difficulty eating.

⑼杜宾舞蹈病是一种见于杜宾犬的主要影响腓肠肌的一种疾病。发病年龄通常在6-7个月龄。起初，站立时，一条后腿会腿软。在发病后的数个月里，另外一条后腿也会受到影响。
Dancing Dobermann disease is a type of myopathy that primarily affects the gastrocnemius muscle in Dobermanns. It usually starts between the ages of 6 to 7 months. One rear leg will flex while standing. Over the next few months it will begin to affect the other rear leg.

⑽肉芽肿性脑膜脑炎，GME，包括巴哥犬脑膜炎和其它非感染引起的脑膜炎，是一种犬类中枢神经系统炎症性疾病，是脑膜炎的一种。该疾病多见于雌性玩具犬幼犬和中年犬。
Granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) (including Pug Dog encephalitis and other noninfectious causes of meningoencephalitis) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system of dogs. It is a form of meningoencephalitis. The disease is more common in female toy dogs of young and middle age.

⑾面神经麻痹的常见起因是创伤、中耳炎或某些特发性疾病。症状包括受影响一边的眨眼困难、耳下垂和唇下垂。
Facial nerve paralysis is most commonly caused in dogs by trauma, otitis media, or as an idiopathic condition. Signs include an inability to blink, drooping of the ear, and drooping of the lips on the affected side, although in chronic conditions fibrosis occurs and the ear and lips may appear to be in an abnormal position.

⑿喉麻痹包括单侧或双侧喉瘫痪。在犬类中，该疾病可以是先天性的，见于法兰德斯畜牧犬、牛头梗、大麦町、罗威纳犬和哈士奇；也可以是特发性的，见于老年拉布拉多犬、金毛寻回猎犬、圣伯纳犬和爱尔兰雪达犬。症状包括变声和呼吸困难。
Laryngeal paralysis is unilateral or bilateral paralysis of the larynx. In dogs it can be congenital, seen in the Bouvier des Flandres, Bull Terrier, Dalmatian, Rottweiler and Huskies, or an acquired, idiopathic disease, seen in older Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, St. Bernards, and Irish Setters. Signs include change in voice and difficulty breathing.

⒀白犬振颤综合征导致整个身体振颤，见于小型白色犬种。最常见于西部高地白梗、马尔济斯犬、比雄犬和贵宾犬。
White dog shaker syndrome causes full body tremors in small, white dog breeds. It is most common in West Highland White Terriers, Maltese, Bichons, and Poodles.

⒁摇摆病（颈椎不稳）是颈椎病变引起的步态不稳和虚弱。
Wobbler disease (cervical instability) is a condition of the cervical vertebrae that causes an unsteady gait and weakness in dogs.

⒂小脑性生活力缺失（或营养性衰竭）是由小脑中浦肯野细胞死亡引起的疾病。该疾病自幼犬期发病并导致渐进性共济失调。该疾病最常见于凯利蓝梗和戈登雪达犬。 Cerebellar abiotrophy is caused by the death of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. It results in progressive ataxia beginning at a young age. It is most commonly seen in Kerry Blue Terriers and Gordon Setters.

眼病 Eyes

眼睑疾病 Eyelid diseases

⑴眼睑外翻是一种常见的犬病，通常影响下眼睑。多见于可卡犬、圣伯纳犬、寻血猎犬和巴吉度猎犬。
Ectropion (eyelid folding outward) is a common condition in dogs, usually affecting the lower lid. Breeds associated with ectropion include the Cocker Spaniel, the St. Bernard, the Bloodhound, and the Basset Hound.

⑵眼睑内翻也是一种常见的犬病，尤其见于松狮犬、沙皮犬、圣伯纳犬和可卡犬。上眼睑内翻导致睫毛摩擦眼球，而下眼睑通常没有睫毛，因此下眼睑内翻引起毛发摩擦眼球。严重病例需要通过手术矫正。
Entropion (eyelid folding inward) is a common condition in dogs, especially the Chow Chow, Shar Pei, St. Bernard, and Cocker Spaniel. Upper lid entropion involves the eyelashes rubbing on the eye, but the lower lid usually has no eyelashes, so hair rubs on the eye. Surgical correction is used in more severe cases.

⑶双行睫是指眼睑异常部位生长出睫毛。该疾病通常部引起症状，因为睫毛柔软，但有可能刺激到眼球从而导致流泪、眯眼、炎症和角膜溃疡。
Distichia (including ectopic cilia) is an eyelash that arises from an abnormal spot on the eyelid. Distichiae usually cause no symptoms because the lashes are soft, but they can irritate the eye and cause tearing, squinting, inflammation, and corneal ulcers.

⑷霰粒肿，又称睑板腺囊肿，是睑板腺分泌阻塞而在眼睑上形成的囊肿。该疾病导致眼睑炎症。
Chalazion is a granuloma that forms in the eyelid due to blocked secretions from the Meibomian gland. Inflammation of the eyelid may result.

⑸睑倒睫在犬中指眼睑上的毛发向不正常的方向生长从而摩擦刺激到眼球。该疾病通常发生在横向上眼睑，常见于英国可卡犬。
Trichiasis in dogs is hair from the eyelid growing in the wrong direction and rubbing on the eye, causing irritation. It usually occurs at the lateral upper eyelid, especially in the English Cocker Spaniel.

晶状体疾病 Lens diseases

⑴白内障是指一种晶状体混浊的疾病。该疾病在大多数患犬是因遗传易感引起的，但糖尿病也是常见病因之一。唯一有效的治疗方法是手术摘除。
Cataracts are an opacity in the lens of the eye. Most cataracts in dogs are caused by a genetic predisposition, but diabetes mellitus is also a common cause. The only effective treatment is surgical removal.

⑵晶状体脱位是指晶状体从正常部位脱离。梗类犬对该疾病易感。
Lens luxation is a displacement of the lens from its normal position. Terrier breeds are predisposed.

⑶晶状体核硬化仅见于大于7岁龄的犬只。该疾病是晶状体核两侧或中心部位出现灰蓝色雾状物。许多人会将该疾病误认为白内障，但事实上不是。许多人认为患犬丧失视力，但实际上患犬的视力基本不受影响。
Nuclear sclerosis is a consistent finding in dogs greater than seven years old. Nuclear sclerosis appears as a bilateral bluish-grey haziness at the nucleus, or center of the lens. Many people get this confused with Cataracts, and that is not the case. Many people also think the dog loses its vision, but the dogs can actually see quite well.

视网膜疾病 Retinal diseases

⑴渐进性视网膜萎缩（PRA）是一种发生于某些犬种的双侧性视网膜遗传病。该疾病导致渐进性视力下降直至失明。
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a genetic disease of the retina that occurs bilaterally and is seen in certain breeds of dogs. It causes progressive vision loss culminating in blindness.

⑵视网膜发育异常是一种影响犬只视网膜的疾病。该疾病通常是非渐进性的，可由病毒感染、药物、维生素A缺乏或遗传因素引起。视网膜发育异常的特征是视网膜组织出现褶皱或圆形团块。
Retinal dysplasia is an eye disease affecting the retina of dogs. It is usually a nonprogressive disease and can be caused by viral infections, drugs, vitamin A deficiency, or genetics. Retinal dysplasia is characterized by folds or rosettes (round clumps) of the retinal tissue.

⑶急性获得性视网膜变性（SARD）是一种急性导致犬只失明的疾病。可发生于任何犬种的犬只。病因不明，但可能与自身免疫、毒素或柯兴氏病有关。症状包括突发的永久性失明、瞳孔放大、瞳孔对光反射消失。
Sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARD) is a disease in dogs causing sudden blindness. It can occur in any breed. The cause is unknown, but possibly involves either autoimmune disease, a toxin, or Cushing's disease. Symptoms include sudden permanent blindness, dilated pupils, and loss of the pupillary light reflex.

⑷视网膜脱离是由视网膜发育异常或柯利眼异常等遗传病、外伤、炎症或肿瘤引起的疾病。该疾病也可能自发或因药物或手术治疗引起。
Retinal detachment is caused in dogs by genetic disorders such as retinal dysplasia or Collie eye anomaly, trauma, inflammation or cancer. Reattachment may occur spontaneously or with medical or surgical therapy.

角膜疾病 Corneal diseases

⑴角膜营养不良的特征是双侧的、非炎症性的角膜不透明。该疾病会在角膜上出现灰黑白色线条、圆圈或混浊。角膜营养不良也可能在角膜上形成结晶。
Corneal dystrophy is a condition characterized by bilateral, noninflammatory opacity of the cornea. It appears as grayish white lines, circles, or clouding of the cornea. Corneal dystrophy can also have a crystalline appearance.

⑵角膜溃疡，又称溃疡性角膜炎，是一种角膜炎症性疾病，发生于角膜外层。该疾病由外伤、洗涤剂烧伤和感染引起。其他疾病也能引起角膜溃疡，例如眼睑内翻、双行睫、角膜营养不良和角膜干燥。
Corneal ulcer, or ulcerative keratitis, is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer. They are caused by trauma, detergent burns, and infections. Other eye conditions can cause corneal ulcers, such as entropion, distichia, corneal dystrophy, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

⑶角膜血管翳是一种浅表性角膜炎，常见于德国牧羊犬、意大利灵缇犬和哈士奇。
Pannus is a form of superficial keratitis, or inflammation of the cornea, found most commonly in German Shepherd Dogs, Greyhounds, and Siberian Huskies.

柯利眼异常 Collie eye anomaly

柯利眼异常（CEA）是一种先天性、遗传性、双侧性眼病，涉及视网膜、脉络膜和巩膜。该疾病可以产生温和的症状，但也可能引起失明。已有报道的患有该疾病的犬种有苏格兰牧羊犬、短毛柯利牧羊犬、喜乐蒂牧羊犬、澳大利亚牧羊犬、边境牧羊犬和斯科舍诱鸭寻回犬。
Collie eye anomaly (CEA) is a congenital, inherited, bilateral eye disease of dogs involving the retina, choroid, and sclera. It can be a mild disease or cause blindness. It is known to occur in Smooth and Rough Collies, Shetland Sheepdogs, Australian Shepherds, Border Collies, and Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers.

樱桃眼 Cherry eye

樱桃眼，又称犬瞬膜腺脱出，是一种常见的犬类眼科疾病，见于多种犬种。患病犬的第三眼睑腺体脱出、可见。
Cherry eye is the term used to refer to canine nictitans gland prolapse, a common eye condition in various dog breeds where the gland of the third eyelid prolapses and becomes visible.

青光眼 Glaucoma

青光眼是眼内压力增高的一种疾病，是犬类常见眼科疾病。该疾病能由眼睛排泪角度的不正常发育、晶状体脱位、葡萄膜炎或癌症引起。可卡犬、贵宾犬和巴吉度猎犬易感。
Glaucoma is an increase of pressure within the eye. It is a common condition in dogs. It can be caused by abnormal development of the drainage angle of the eye, lens luxation, uveitis, or cancer. Cocker Spaniels, Poodles, and Basset Hounds are predisposed.

眼黑变病 Ocular Melanosis

眼黑变病（OM）是一种犬类中仅见于凯恩梗的眼科疾病。该疾病由虹膜、巩膜和周围结构组织中的黑色素细胞的增多所引起的。
Ocular Melanosis (OM) is a disease of the eye which in dogs is almost found exclusively in the Cairn Terrier. The disease is caused by an increase of melanocytes in the iris, sclera, and surrounding structures.

干燥性角结膜炎 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

干燥性角结膜炎常见于犬类。症状包括眼睛发红、眼分泌物呈黄或绿色、角膜溃疡、角膜色素和血管沉着。
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye) is common in dogs. Symptoms include eye redness, a yellow or greenish discharge, ulceration of the cornea, pigmented cornea, and blood vessels on the cornea.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada综合征 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada综合征是一种犬类疾病，其特点是会出现葡萄膜炎（眼内炎症）、白发病和白癜风（皮肤色素缺失）。
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome is a condition seen in dogs characterized by uveitis (inflammation of the inside of the eye), poliosis (whitening of hair), and vitiligo (loss of pigment in the skin).

结膜炎 Conjunctivitis

结膜炎是结膜的炎症疾病。在犬种，常见起因是机械刺激（例如睑内翻、外翻或倒睫）、过敏和干燥性角结膜炎。任何细菌感染往往都是继发的。
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva. In dogs it is most commonly caused by mechanical irritation (such as by entropion, ectropion, or trichiasis), allergies, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Any bacterial infection is usually secondary.

眼球突出 Eye proptosis

眼球突出是一种导致眼球受到压迫从眼睑内脱离的疾病。常见原因是头部创伤。多见于短头颅（短鼻）的犬种。
Eye proptosis is a condition resulting in forward displacement and entrapment of the eye from behind by the eyelids. It is a common result of head trauma in dogs. Most commonly it occurs in brachycephalic (short nosed) breeds.

霍纳氏综合征 Horner's syndrome

霍纳氏综合征是由眼部的交感神经损伤引起的疾病。症状包括眼球内陷、瞳孔缩小、第三眼睑上移和上眼睑下垂。通常该疾病在犬中是特发性的，但也可能因创伤、肿瘤或耳部感染所引起。
Horner's syndrome results from damage to the sympathetic innervation of the eye. Signs include enophthalmos (sunken eye), miosis (small pupil), elevated third eyelid, and ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid). Usually the syndrome in dogs is idiopathic, but it can also be caused by trauma, tumors, or ear infections.

视神经炎 Optic neuritis

犬视神经炎是视神经炎症疾病。在犬中，该疾病最常见的起因是肉芽肿性脑膜炎和感染。
Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerves. In dogs this is most commonly caused by granulomatous meningoencephalitis or infection.

瞳孔膜存留 Persistent pupillary membrane

瞳孔膜存留是一种眼部疾病，胎膜的残留物形成链状组织交错在瞳孔上。
Persistent pupillary membrane is a condition of the eye involving remnants of a fetal membrane that persist as strands of tissue crossing the pupil.

葡萄膜炎 Uveitis

葡萄膜炎是眼部的一种炎症性疾病。前葡萄膜炎（虹膜和睫状体炎症）是最常见于犬类的葡萄膜炎。该疾病通常是免疫介导的，但也能由创伤、白内障、传染性犬肝炎、钩端螺旋体病、埃立克体病或系统性真菌感染所引起。
Uveitis is inflammation within the eye. Anterior uveitis (inflammation of the iris and ciliary body) is most common in dogs. The disease is usually immune-mediated in dogs, but may also be caused by trauma, cataracts, infectious canine hepatitis, leptospirosis, ehrlichiosis, or systemic fungal infections.

星状玻璃体症 Asteroid hyalosis

星状玻璃体症是一种眼部退行性疾病，玻璃体内存在小的白色混浊物。病因不明。
Asteroid hyalosis is a degenerative condition of the eye involving small white opacities in the vitreous humor. The cause is unknown.

闪辉性玻璃体液化 Synchysis scintillans

闪辉性玻璃体液化是眼部退行性疾病，导致液化玻璃体和胆固醇晶体在玻璃体内的积聚。
Synchysis scintillans is a degenerative condition of the eye resulting in liquified vitreous humor and the accumulation of cholesterol crystals within the vitreous.

虹膜囊肿 Iris cysts

虹膜囊肿是小型空心结构附着于虹膜或漂浮于前房。
Iris cysts are small hollow structures either attached to the iris of the eye or floating free in the anterior chamber.

鼻泪管阻塞 Imperforate lacrimal punctum

鼻泪管阻塞是指一种先天性的鼻泪管在结膜上缺乏开口的疾病。
Imperforate lacrimal punctum is a congenital disorder of dogs involving the lack of an opening to the nasolacrimal duct (tear duct) in the conjunctiva.

般若空明

耳病 Ears

Image:狗的耳朵.jpg
⑴耳部感染是犬类常见病，尤其是大耳犬种，例如比格犬，和外耳道窄的犬种，例如可卡犬。其他易感因素包括过敏、寄生虫和甲状腺功能减退症。
Ear infections are common in dogs, particularly breeds with hanging ears, such as Beagles, and dogs with narrow ear canals, such as Cocker Spaniels. Other predisposing factors include allergies, ear parasites, and hypothyroidism.

⑵耳聋在犬类中可以是获得性的，也可能是先天性的。获得性耳聋的易感因素有慢性感染、某些药物的使用和最常见的因素-耳蜗的年龄相关性变化。先天性耳聋可以是遗传性的，见于云石色系或背色被毛犬，或者是感染或毒素引起的宫内损伤所导致的。
Deafness in dogs can be either acquired or congenital. Predisposing factors for acquired deafness include chronic infection, use of certain drugs, and most commonly, age-related changes in the cochlea. Congenital deafness can be genetic, seen sometimes in dogs with merle or white coats, or caused by in utero damage from infections or toxins.

⑶蝇叮咬引起的皮炎通常发生在犬只的耳尖或褶皱处，由某些蝇类叮咬引起，如厩螫蝇。
Fly strike dermatitis occurs at the tip and folds of the ear in dogs. It is caused by bites of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans.
皮肤病 Skin

Image:狗的皮肤.jpg
皮肤过敏 Allergies
⑴过敏性皮炎是由过敏原引起的疾病，犬只不一定需要直接接触过敏原就可触发该疾病。这是一种对吸入或透皮吸收的物质产生的I型超敏反应。最高达10%的犬只会受到影响。这种疾病常见于犬类，尤其是拉布拉多犬、金毛寻回猎犬和西施犬。最常见的症状是瘙痒。受影响的区域包括腹部、面部、足部和耳朵。
Atopy is an allergy to a substance with which the dog is not necessarily in direct contact. It is a type I hypersensitivity to a substance that is inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Up to 10 percent of dogs are affected. It is common in dogs, especially seen in breeds such as Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Shih Tzus. The most common symptom is itching. Affected areas include the underside, the face, the feet, and the ears.

⑵蚤咬性过敏性皮炎是在美国最常见的犬类皮肤病。该疾病是对跳蚤唾液的敏感性引起的。
Flea allergy dermatitis is the most common skin disease of dogs in the United States. It is caused by sensitivity to flea saliva.

⑶食物过敏通常表现为瘙痒，尤其是面部、爪子和腹部的瘙痒。皮肤测试对于诊断食物过敏不可靠，通常使用低敏餐测试来诊断。
Food allergy in dogs is commonly manifested as itching, especially of the face, paws, and the underside. Skin testing has proved unreliable, and a trial of a hypoallergenic diet is usually used for diagnosis.

毛囊发育不良 Follicular dysplasia
毛囊发育不良是一种引起犬只脱毛的遗传疾病.该疾病是由毛囊的结构性异常引起的毛囊功能不正常所引发的.
Follicular dysplasia is a genetic disease of dogs causing alopecia, or hair loss. It is caused by hair follicles that are misfunctioning due to structural abnormality.

皮窦 Dermoid sinus
皮窦是一种犬类的常染色遗传病。该疾病会在犬只的背中线上出现单个或多个肿块。
Dermoid sinus a genetic, autosomal skin condition in dogs. It can appear as single or multiple lumps on the dorsal midline.

嗜舔性皮肤炎 Lick granuloma
嗜舔性皮肤炎又称为舌舔皮炎，是一种因犬只嗜舔腿下部而引起的皮肤疾病。频繁舌舔导致病变部位变厚、变硬，呈椭圆斑块。
Lick granuloma also known as acral lick dermatitis, is a skin disorder in dogs resulting from an urge to lick the lower portion of the leg. The lesion from the incessant licking is a thickened, firm, oval plaque.

天疱疮 Pemphigus
天疱疮是一种罕见的自身免疫性皮肤病。犬类中最常见的种类是落叶型天疱疮，表现为皮肤和粘膜交界处的皮屑和糜烂。寻常型天疱疮较落叶型天疱疮罕见，表现为口腔和皮肤粘膜交界处的疱疹样病变。大疱性类天疱疮最常见于杜宾犬和柯利犬，表现为腹股沟处的烫伤样病变。
Pemphigus is an uncommon autoimmune skin disease. The most common form in dogs is pemphigus foliaceus, which manifests as erosions and crusting of the skin and mucocutaneous junctions. Pemphigus vulgaris is more rare and manifests as blister-like lesions in the mouth and at mucocutaneous junctions. Bullous pemphigoid is most commonly seen in Dobermanns and Collies and appears as a scald-like lesion of the groin.

皮肤脆性综合征 Dermal fragility syndrome
皮肤脆性综合症也称Ehlers-Danlos综合征,是一种罕见于犬类的疾病.其特征是皮肤的弹性增加,伤口愈合困难.该疾病是一种遗传病.
Dermal fragility syndrome, also known as Ehlers-Danlos-like syndrome, is a rare condition in dogs characterized by increased skin elasticity and poor wound healing. There appears to be a genetic basis for the disease.

盘状红斑狼疮 Discoid lupus erythematosus
盘状红斑狼疮是一种罕见的犬类自身免疫性皮肤病.在犬类中,该疾病一般不会发展为系统性红斑狼疮.最常见的初期症状是鼻部起皮屑和色素丢失.
Discoid lupus erythematosus is an uncommon autoimmune disease of the skin in dogs. It does not progress to systemic lupus erythematosus in dogs. The most common initial symptom is scaling and loss of pigment on the nose.

癌症 Cancers

⑴犬传染性性病肿瘤是一种生殖器肿瘤。通过性途径传播。
Canine transmissible venereal tumor is a tumor of the genitals. It is spread by sexual contact.

⑵血管肉瘤在犬类中是一种发展迅速的肿瘤，通常发生于心脏或脾脏，较少发生于皮肤。
Hemangiosarcoma is an aggressive tumor in dogs, usually affecting the heart or spleen and less commonly the skin.

⑶骨肉瘤是一种在犬类发展迅速的骨组织肿瘤，通常会扩散到肺组织。更常见于大型和巨型犬。
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone tumor in dogs that commonly spreads to the lungs. It is more common in large and giant breed dogs.

⑷组织细胞瘤是始发于皮肤组织的一种肿瘤，有些病例能不药自愈。
Histiocytoma is a benign skin tumor in dogs that sometimes regresses without treatment.

⑸恶性组织细胞增生症是一种主要发现于伯恩山地犬的疾病，该疾病通过组织细胞浸润肺、淋巴结和其他器官。
Malignant histiocytosis is a disease found primarily in the Bernese Mountain Dog characterized by infiltration of the lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs by histiocytes.

⑹犬肥大细胞瘤是一种通常发现于犬只皮肤组织的肿瘤。该肿瘤也能入侵皮下组织进而扩散到肝脏、脾脏和骨髓。
A mast cell tumor (mastocytoma) is a type of tumor normally found in the skin of dogs. It can also invade the subcutis and spread to the liver, spleen, or bone marrow.

⑺淋巴瘤是一种恶性肿瘤（癌），根据病灶部位、细胞类型和组织学分级来分型。犬类中最常见的情况是多病灶，并影响到淋巴结。
Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) is a malignant cancer that is classified by location, cell type, and histological grade. The most common form in dogs is multicentric, involving the lymph nodes.

⑻纤维肉瘤是一种恶性的肿瘤，最长发于犬只的口，少发于皮肤、皮下组织和骨组织。
Fibrosarcoma is a malignant tumor that most commonly occurs in the mouth in dogs, and less commonly in the skin, subcutis, and bones.

⑼犬鳞状细胞癌是一种恶性肿瘤，在犬类中最长发于口腔，包括舌、扁桃腺和牙龈。犬鳞状细胞癌在犬类皮肤肿瘤中仅占5%，且大多数发生于足趾。鼻部皮肤无色素的犬只可能因长时间的日晒而引发该肿瘤。
Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor in dogs that most commonly occurs in the oral cavity, including the tongue, tonsils, and gingiva. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 5 percent of skin tumors in dogs, and are the most common tumor of the toe. Dogs with unpigmented skin on the nose may develop this cancer from long-term sun exposure.

⑽肛周腺肿瘤是发现于肛门附近的肿瘤，因会阴中特殊的腺组织引起。常见于未绝育的公犬。
Perianal gland tumor (also called hepatoid tumor) is a type of tumor found near the anus in dogs that arises from specialized glandular tissue found in the perineum. They are most common in intact (not neutered) male dogs.

⑾肛门囊腺癌是一种不常见的,病程发展迅速的恶性肿瘤,初发于肛门囊。
Anal sac adenocarcinoma is an uncommon and aggressive malignant tumor found in dogs that arises from the tissue of anal sac.

⑿黑色素瘤在犬类的皮肤肿瘤中占到4-6%,通常是良性的。在足趾肿瘤中排名第二,而且发病于足趾部位的黑色素瘤是恶性的.恶性黑色素瘤也是犬类口腔肿瘤中常见的一种。恶性黑色素瘤通常会扩散至淋巴结和肺。
Melanomas account for four to six percent of skin tumors in dogs and are usually benign. They are the second most common tumor of the toe and are malignant in this location. Malignant melanoma is also a common oral tumor in dogs. Malignant tumors most commonly spread to the lymph nodes and lungs.

⒀白血病是骨髓中癌性的白血细胞的渐进性浸润，通常导致骨髓遭到破坏和全血细胞减少症。犬类的白血病包括急性淋巴细胞白血病，急性粒细胞白血病，急性单核细胞白血病，急性粒-单核细胞白血病，急性巨核细胞白血病，慢性淋巴细胞白血病，慢性粒细胞性白血病，慢性嗜碱性粒细胞白血病和慢性嗜酸性粒细胞性白血病。
Leukemias are progressive proliferation of cancerous white blood cells within the bone marrow, resulting in destruction of the bone marrow and pancytopenia in many cases. Types of leukemia in dogs include acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute megakaryocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic basophilic leukemia, and chronic eosinophilic leukemia (or hypereosinophilic syndrome).

⒁浆细胞瘤是犬类常见的皮肤肿瘤,由B淋巴细胞发展而来。大部分浆细胞瘤是良性的。B淋巴细胞来源的肿瘤影响骨髓并弥散到整个身体的病例为恶性的,称为多发性骨髓瘤。
Plasmacytomas are common skin tumors in dogs that derive from B lymphocytes. Most are benign. Tumors of B lymphocyte origin that affect the bone marrow and are diffuse throughout the body are malignant and are called multiple myeloma.

⒂犬前列腺癌是罕见于犬类的癌症,绝育的和未绝育的犬只都能发生该疾病。这是一种恶性肿瘤。最常见的种类是腺癌。症状包括:血尿和大小便困难.最常见的扩散病灶为骨和肺。
Prostate cancer is rare in dogs and occurs in both intact and neutered animals. It is malignant. The most common type is adenocarcinoma. Signs include blood in the urine and straining to urinate or defecate. It most commonly spreads to bone and the lungs.

⒃犬乳腺肿瘤在犬类中既可能是良性的,亦可能是恶性的。最常发于未绝育的母犬,或老龄时期才绝育的母犬。
Mammary tumors in dogs are potentially benign or malignant. They occur most commonly in non-spayed females or female that were spayed later in life.

⒄胰岛素瘤是分泌胰岛素的胰腺肿瘤.最常见的症状是低血糖。胰岛素瘤常扩散至肝。 Insulinomas in dogs are insulin secreting tumors of the pancreas. The most common sign is hypoglycemia. They commonly metastasize to the liver.

⒅口腔癌包括发生于舌,扁桃体,牙龈和腭部的肿瘤。最常见的种类是鳞状细胞癌(见犬鳞状细胞癌),恶性黑色素瘤和纤维肉瘤。
Oral cancer includes tumors of the tongue, tonsils, gingiva, and palate. The most common types are squamous cell carcinomas, malignant melanomas, and fibrosarcomas.

⒆犬类的眼部肿瘤发现于眼睑,结膜,第三眼睑,角膜,巩膜,虹膜,睫状体,视网膜,脉络膜,视神经和眼眶。最常见的类型是睑板腺腺瘤(眼睑),乳头状瘤(眼睑),黑色素瘤(眼睑,结膜,虹膜,睫状体,脉络膜),鳞状细胞癌(结膜),腺瘤(睫状体),腺癌(睫状体),淋巴瘤(视网膜,脉络膜,睫状体),髓上皮瘤(视网膜,脉络膜),神经节胶质瘤(视网膜,脉络膜),骨肉瘤(眼眶),肥大细胞瘤(眼眶)和视神经鞘脑膜瘤。
Ocular tumors in dogs are found in the eyelid, conjunctiva, third eyelid, cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, retina, choroid, optic nerve, and orbit. The most common types are Meibomian gland adenoma (eyelid), papilloma (eyelid), melanoma (eyelid, conjunctiva, sclera, iris, ciliary body, choroid), squamous cell carcinoma (conjunctiva), adenoma (ciliary body), adenocarcinoma (ciliary body), lymphoma (retina, choroid, ciliary body), medulloepithelioma (retina, choroid), ganglioglioma (retina, choroid), osteosarcoma (orbit), mast cell tumor (orbit), and optic nerve sheath meningioma.

⒇鼻癌仅占犬类肿瘤的1-2%。腺癌是最常见的种类,其次是肉瘤,例如纤维肉瘤和软骨肉瘤.症状包括打喷嚏和带血的鼻分泌物。
Nasal cancer makes up one to two percent of all types of tumors in dogs. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type, followed by sarcomas such as fiborsarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Signs include sneezing and bloody nasal discharge.

(21)甲状腺癌是一种罕见的犬病。1/3的甲状腺肿瘤是小的良性的腺瘤,其余2/3则是恶性的腺癌,通常体积大且具有侵略性。
Thyroid cancer is rare and usually nonproductive in dogs (unlike in cats, in which it causes hyperthyroidism). One-third of thyroid tumors are small benign adenomas; the rest are malignant carcinomas, usually large and invasive.

(22)消化道癌在犬类中不常见.最常见的种类是淋巴瘤。非淋巴性食管癌是非常罕见的犬病,最常见种类是狼旋尾线引起的虫腺瘤,腺癌,平滑肌肉瘤和骨肉瘤。非淋巴性胃癌痛常为腺癌。非淋巴性肠癌通常为息肉,腺瘤,腺癌,平滑肌肉瘤和子宫肌瘤。
Gastrointestinal cancer is uncommon in dogs. The most common type is lymphoma. Nonlymphomatous esophageal cancer is especially rare, the most common types being squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and osteogenic sarcoma associated with the parasite Spirocerca lupi. Nonlymphomatous stomach cancer is usually an adenocarcinoma, and nonlymphomatous intestinal cancer is usually polyps, adenomas, adenocarcinomas, leiomyosarcomas, and leiomyomas.

(23)肾癌在犬类中不常见。最常见的种类是肾细胞癌。
Kidney cancer is uncommon in dogs. The most common type is renal cell carcinoma.

(24)犬类的肺癌通常是非原发性癌,由其他部位的癌细胞扩散所致。原发性肺癌在犬类中非常罕见.最常见的犬类肺癌为腺癌。
Lung cancer is usually the result of metastasis in dogs. Primary tumors are rare. The most common type is adenocarcinoma.

(25)心脏肿瘤在犬类中罕见。种类包括血管肉瘤,纤维肉瘤及纤维瘤。
Heart tumors are rare in dogs. Types include hemangiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and fibroma.

(26)睾丸肿瘤是公犬最常见的生殖道肿瘤。种类类型包括:支持细胞瘤,精原细胞瘤和间质细胞肿瘤.通常不会转移。
Testicular tumors are the most common tumor of the canine male reproductive tract. Tumor types include Sertoli cell tumor, seminoma, and interstitial cell tumor. None commonly metastasize.

(27)卵巢癌在犬种不常见。最常见的种类为颗粒细胞瘤。该类型的肿瘤会转移并能引起囊性子宫内膜增生。
Ovarian cancer is uncommon in dogs, with the most common type being the granulosa cell tumor. This type of tumor can metastasize and can cause cystic endometrial hyperplasia.

(28)子宫癌在犬类中非常罕见。最常见的类型是良性的子宫肌瘤。
Uterine cancer is very rare in dogs. The most common type is benign leiomyoma.

(29)膀胱癌在犬类中通常为恶性的。最常见的类型是移行细胞癌。
Bladder cancer is usually malignant in dogs. The most common type is transitional cell carcinoma.

(30)肝癌在犬类中通常不是原发性的。原发性肝癌包括良性肝细胞腺瘤和恶性肝癌。
Liver cancer is usually metastatic in dogs. Primary tumors are and include benign hepatocellular adenoma (hepatoma) and malignant hepatic carcinoids.

(31)脑肿瘤在犬类中可以是原发性的，亦可以是非原发性的。原发性脑肿瘤的发病率为每10万只犬中占14.5只。种类包括：脑膜瘤、星形细胞瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤与未分化肉瘤。
Brain tumors can be either metastatic or primary in dogs. The incidence of primary tumors is 14.5 per 100,000 dogs at risk. Types include meningioma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and undifferentiated sarcoma.

行为异常 Behavioral

⑴异食癖好是犬类的摄食行为异常，即摄食一些非营养物质，如沙、煤、土、粉笔灰、纸等。异食癖好对犬只来说是非常危险的，路边的污物可能含有有毒物质，如多氯联苯。除中毒风险外，异食癖好也可能引起胃肠梗阻、胃撕裂或食管阻塞。
Pica is an appetite for, or the behavior of eating, non-nutritive substances (e.g., sand, coal, soil, chalk, paper etc.). Pica can be dangerous to dogs, with a risk from eating dirt near roads that existed prior to the phaseout of tetra-ethyl lead in gasoline or prior to the cessation of the use of contaminated oil (either used, or containing toxic PCBs) to settle dust. In addition to poisoning, there is a risk of gastro-intestinal obstruction or tearing in the stomach or blockage of the esophagus.

⑵异食癖好有时可能是免疫介导的溶血性贫血的临床表现，尤其是摄食瓷砖、混凝土灰尘和沙子。当犬只摄食这些物质时应接受全血记数检查以判断贫血可能，全血记数应包括血细胞比容水平和血球压积测试。
Pica in dogs may be a sign of Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, especially when it involves eating substances such as tile grout, concrete dust, and sand. Dogs exhibiting this form of pica should be tested for anemia with a Complete blood count including Hematocrit levels, or Packed cell volume.

⑶食粪症是犬只摄食犬类粪便或其他动物粪便的一种行为异常。可以由疾病引起，如胰腺外分泌不足、摄食过饱或吸收不良；也可由行为问题引起，包括想引起注意或跟其他犬只学样。这种行为可以引起许多健康问题，包括体内寄生虫感染、犬细小病毒或弓形虫病。治疗方法包括行为修正疗法或改变粪便的气味。
Coprophagia is the ingestion by a dog of feces, either its own or those of another dog or animal. It can be caused by medical conditions such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, overfeeding, or malabsorption. It can also be a behavioral problem characterized by attention-seeking, reinforcement, or as a learned behavior. Numerous health problems can arise from this activity, including internal parasites or infection with canine parvovirus or toxoplasmosis. Treatment includes behavioral modification therapy or altering the feces to affect its taste.

环境引起的疾病 Environmental

⑴麻醉过敏可能发生于任何犬种，但根据报道，麻醉过敏在视觉猎犬中更为多见。视觉猎犬的使用硫喷妥钠麻醉的复苏时间较犬类平均时长更长。
Sensitivity to anaesthesia can occur in any breed, but sighthounds have been the breeds most documented to have anesthetic concerns. Sighthounds are known to have prolonged recovery times from ultra short-acting thiobarbiturates such as thiopental.

⑵犬类也会中暑，尤其在平脸犬种，如斗牛犬，或巨型犬。犬只在缺水、运动和高温环境下容易发生中暑。症状包括：呕吐、腹泻、虚脱、呼吸困难和体温接近42至43摄氏度。治疗方法包括：湿毛巾和风扇降温、静脉输液和其他支持疗法。
Heat stroke can occur in dogs, especially in flat-faced breeds such as the Bulldog or in giant breeds. Breed, lack of water, exercise, and high ambient temperature predispose dogs to heat stroke. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, collapse, difficulty breathing, and body temperature approaching 42° to 43°C. Treatment includes cooling the dogs with wet towels and fans, intravenous fluid therapy, and other supportive care.

⑶狐尾草和蒺藜草能穿透犬只的口腔内壁或皮肤并迁移，从而导致脓肿和流脓。
Foxtails and sandburs can penetrate the lining of the mouth or skin and migrate, causing abscesses and draining tracts.

内分泌病 Endocrine diseases

糖尿病 Diabetes
犬类的糖尿病通常为1型糖尿病,或者说是因胰脏的beta细胞损坏导致的胰岛素生成不足.在犬类中,糖尿病是由自身免疫疾病或严重的胰腺炎引起的.2型糖尿病的特点是胰岛素抵抗,在犬类中较为罕见,可由库欣综合征,长期使用糖皮质激素或黄体激素引起.常见的临床表现包括:体重减轻,喝水频率增高,尿频和白内障.治疗包括每天两次注射胰岛素和高纤维素和复合碳水化合物的饮食.
Diabetes in dogs is usually type 1 diabetes, or lack of insulin production due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells. In dogs this is caused by autoimmune disease or severe pancreatitis. Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, is less common in dogs, and can be caused by Cushing's syndrome or chronic glucocorticoid or progestin use. Common signs include weight loss, increased drinking and urination, and cataracts. Treatment involves twice daily insulin doses and use of a diet high in fiber and complex carbohydrates.

甲状腺疾病 Thyroid diseases
⑴甲状腺功能亢进罕见于犬类.最常见的病因是甲状腺腺癌,一种恶性肿瘤.症状包括:体重减轻,胃口增大和甲状腺增大.
Hyperthyroidism is rare in dogs. The most common cause is thyroid carcinoma, a malignant tumor. Signs include weight loss, increased appetite, and enlargement of the thyroid gland.

⑵甲状腺功能减退是犬类最常见的内分泌疾病.该疾病可由自身免疫性破坏或特发性甲状腺萎缩引起.症状包括:食欲减退,体重增加,脱毛,皮肤感染复发和嗜睡.治疗方法是口服甲状腺激素补充剂.
Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disease in dogs. It can be caused by autoimmune destruction or idiopathic atrophy of the thyroid gland. Signs include decreased appetite, weight gain, hair loss, recurring skin infections, and lethargy. Treatment is with oral thyroid hormone supplementation.

阿狄森氏病 Addison's disease
阿狄森氏病,又名肾上腺皮质功能减退,是肾上腺分泌的糖皮质激素和盐皮质激素减少.该疾病最常见的病因是自身免疫所造成的肾上腺组织的损坏.临床表现包括:饮水和排尿的频率增加,呕吐,腹泻,虚脱和体重减轻.该疾病可引起高血钾继而引起严重的心动过缓.治疗包括每日口服盐皮质激素补充剂或每月注射盐皮质激素.糖皮质激素的补充可通过口服泼尼松.
Addison's disease, also known as hypoadrenocorticism, is a reduction of production of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids by the adrenal glands. It is most commonly caused by destruction of adrenal tissue, probably by autoimmune disease. Signs include increased drinking and urination, vomiting, diarrhea, collapse, and weight loss. Hyperkalemia can develop and cause severe bradycardia. Treatment is with supplementation of mineralocorticoids in daily pills or a monthly injection. Glucocorticoids are usually supplemented with oral prednisone.

库欣综合征 Cushing's syndrome
库欣综合征,又称肾上腺皮质机能亢进,是一种肾上腺过度分泌糖皮质激素的疾病.约85%的病例是由脑垂体肿瘤引起的,其余15%的病例由肾上腺肿瘤引起.症状包括:食欲过盛,饮水和排尿频率增加,腹部突出,肌肉无力和嗜睡.诊断非常困难,因为缺乏高敏感性和高特异性的诊断方法.治疗药物有米托坦,曲洛司坦,酮康唑或司来吉兰.患有肾上腺肿瘤的一些病例需接受手术治疗.
Cushing's syndrome, also known as hyperadrenocorticism, is a condition characterized by an increase in glucocorticoids secreted by the adrenal glands. About 85 percent of cases are caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland, while 15 percent are caused by an adrenal tumor. Signs include increased appetite, increased drinking and urination, a pot-bellied appearance, muscle weakness, and lethargy. Diagnosis can be difficult as there are no tests with both high sensitivity and specificity. Treatments inclulde mitotane, trilostane, ketoconazole, or selegiline. Surgery is used in some cases of adrenal tumors.

尿崩症 Diabetes insipidus
尿崩症在犬猫中可能是中枢性的,由抗利尿激素(ADH)缺乏,或肾脏对抗利尿激素的不应答所引起的疾病.两种类型都不常见.中枢性尿崩症(CDI)通常是特发性的,但也能由头部创伤或脑肿瘤引起.肾性尿崩症(NDI)可能是原发性的(遗传性的)或继发性的(由一系列代谢疾病和肾脏疾病引起,如库欣综合征和子宫蓄脓).因为该疾病的特征是集尿功能丧失,最常见的症状是饮水和排尿频率增高.中枢性尿崩症的治疗可使用去氨加压素-一种合成的抗利尿剂激素的类似物.肾性尿崩症的治疗需针对引起疾病的本因.
Diabetes insipidus in dogs and cats can be central, caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or nephrogenic, caused by a lack of response of the kidneys to ADH. Neither form is common. Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is usually idiopathic, but can also be caused by head trauma or tumors of the brain. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) can be primary (hereditary) or secondary (caused by a variety of metabolic and renal diseases, including Cushing's syndrome and pyometra). Because the disease is characterized by an inability to concentrate urine, the most common sign is increased drinking and urinating. Treatment of CDI is to use desmopressin, a synthetic analog of ADH. Treatment of NDI is to treat the underlying cause, if any.

消化系统疾病 Gastrointestinal diseases

Image:狗的消化系统.jpg
⑴胃扭转,也称为胃扩张扭转(GDV),是一种犬类突发性疾病,最常见于胸部很厚的大型和巨型犬种.该疾病的特征是胃胀气并以一个轴为中心发生扭转。治疗通常先治疗休克，然后进行手术。
Bloat (also known as gastric torsion or gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV)) is an emergency condition in dogs, seen most commonly in deep-chested large and giant breed dogs. The disease is characterized by the presence of a large amount of gas in the stomach and twisting of the stomach along its axis. Treatment for shock and then surgery is usually necessary.

⑵巨食道症是一种食道疾病，其特征是食道的动力和扩张不足。成年犬的大部分病例都是特发性的。巨食道症最常见的症状是返流。其他疾病也可引发巨食道症，如重症肌无力、铅中毒和艾迪生氏病。
Megaesophagus is a disease of the esophagus characterized by low motility and dilation. Most cases in adult dogs are idiopathic. It is the most common cause of regurgitation in dogs. Other causes of megaesophagus include myasthenia gravis, lead poisoning, and Addison's disease.

⑶犬肠扭转，也称为肠系膜扭转，罕见于犬类。德国牧羊犬易感。肠道异物、肠肿瘤、肠套叠和其他肠道疾病都是该疾病的易感因素。该疾病预后不良。
Volvulus (twisted intestines), also known as mesenteric volvulus, is a rare condition in dogs. German Shepherd Dogs are predisposed. Factors that predispose dogs to this condition are intestinal foreign bodies, intestinal cancer, intussusception, and other intestinal diseases. It has a poor prognosis.

⑷体内异物指胃肠道内（或犬只的其他部位）存有外来异物。犬只因有能力吞下相对大的物体并将它们送到食管而易患胃肠道梗阻。体内异物通常存积于胃部，因为异物难以通过幽门括约肌进入空肠。
Foreign body is an object foreign to the body that becomes lodged in the gastrointestinal tract (or other part of the dog). Dogs are susceptible to gastrointestinal obstruction due to their ability to swallow relatively large objects and pass them through the esophagus. Foreign bodies most commonly become lodged in the stomach because of the inability to pass through the pyloric sphincter, and in the jejunum.

⑸肛瘘，在犬类中也称为肛周瘘，最常见于德国牧羊犬。该疾病的特点是肛门周围的皮肤有液体流出。病因不明。通常采用手术治疗，但最近也有报道称使用环孢素结合酮康唑对该疾病的治疗也有效。
Anal fistulae, known as perianal fistulae in dogs, are most common in German Shepherd Dogs. They are characterized by draining tracts in the skin around the anus. The cause is unknown. Surgical treatment is common, but recently use of cyclosporine in combination with ketoconazole has been shown to be effective.

⑹胰腺外分泌不足是指胰脏分泌的消化酶不足导致的正常的食物消化能力丧失。该疾病频发于犬类。
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. This disease is found frequently in dogs.

⑺胰腺炎是犬类常见疾病。最常见于中年和老年肥胖犬。迷你雪纳瑞易感。引起该疾病的因素有：糖尿病、高脂血症、肥胖和过量饮食。临床表现包括：呕吐、腹泻、腹痛、嗜睡和厌食症。
Pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas, is common in dogs. It is most commonly seen in middle-aged and older overweight dogs. Miniature Schnauzers are predisposed. Contributing factors include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and dietary indiscretion. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lethargy, and anorexia.

⑻肠炎是犬类特发性肠道炎症疾病的总称，其特征为胃和/或肠壁内存在炎症细胞的浸润，是一种常见疾病。临床表现包括：呕吐、腹泻和体重减轻。治疗可以通过饮食调整和药物治疗，如皮质类固醇、甲硝唑、柳氮和硫唑嘌呤。
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of diseases in dogs that are idiopathic and characterized by the presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates in the stomach and/or intestinal walls. It is a common condition. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Treatment is with dietary modification and use of medications such as corticosteroids, metronidazole, sulfasalazine, and azathioprine.

⑼胆汁性呕吐综合征是对胆引起的胃炎应答产生的呕吐。胆盐干扰胃粘膜屏障，使酸刺激胃内膜并引起胃炎。
Bilious vomiting syndrome is vomiting in response to bile-induced inflammation of the stomach. Bile salts interfere with the gastric mucosal barrier, allowing acid to irritate the stomach lining and cause gastritis.

⑽肠套叠的特点是胃肠道的一部分伸入胃肠道的另一个部分，形成梗阻。最常见于6-8月龄的犬只。治疗需要进行手术。
Intussusception is characterized by telescoping of one part of the gastrointestinal tract into another part, forming an obstruction. It is most common in dogs six to eight months old. Surgery is necessary for treatment.

⑾淋巴管扩张症是一种犬类的肠道疾病，其特点是慢性腹泻和蛋白流失，如血清白蛋白和球蛋白，被认为是一种慢性的蛋白流失性肠病。常见发病犬种有：软毛麦色梗、贝吉生犬、约克夏梗和挪威兰德猎犬。
Lymphangiectasia is an intestinal disease of dogs characterized by chronic diarrhea and loss of proteins such as serum albumin and globulin. It is considered to be a chronic form of protein-losing enteropathy. Breeds commonly affected include the Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier, Norwegian Lundehund, Basenji, and Yorkshire Terrier.

⑿出血性胃肠炎的特点是突发性呕吐和便血。症状通常非常严重，在不接受治疗的情况下可以是致命的。常见于年幼的成年犬，任何犬种都可能患该疾病，尤其是小型犬，如玩具贵宾犬和迷你雪纳瑞。
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is a disease of dogs characterized by sudden vomiting and bloody diarrhea. The symptoms are usually severe and can be fatal if not treated. It is most common in young adult dogs of any breed, but especially small dogs such as the Toy Poodle and Miniature Schnauzer.

泌尿生殖系统疾病 Urinary and reproductive systems

Image:狗的泌尿系统.jpg Image:狗的生殖系统.jpg
肾脏疾病 Kidney diseases
⑴范可尼综合征是一种发现于贝吉生犬的肾小管疾病。该疾病的症状有：集尿能力丧失、尿液含有葡萄糖、蛋白和氨基酸。
Fanconi syndrome is a type of renal tubule disease found in Basenjis. Findings include the inability to concentrate urine, and the presence of glucose, protein, and amino acids in the urine.

⑵肾衰竭常见于犬，有急性与慢性之分。其定义为肾脏过滤系统约75%的功能丧失，特点为氮质血症和尿液比重下降。犬急性肾衰竭可能由血液供给不足、高钙血症或中毒（乙二醇（防冻剂）或氨基糖甙类抗生素）引起。犬慢性肾衰竭可能是先天性和/或遗传性的，或由癌症、感染、高血压、肾小球肾炎、淀粉样变病、肾间质纤维化和任何急性肾衰的病因引起。
Renal failure (kidney failure) is common in dogs and may be found in acute or chronic forms. It is defined by a loss of function of about 75 percent of the filtration system of the kidney and characterized by azotemia and low specific gravity of the urine. Acute renal failure can be caused by loss of blood supply, hypercalcemia, or toxins such as ethylene glycol (antifreeze) or aminoglycoside antibiotics. Chronic renal failure can be congenital and/or inherited or caused by cancer, infection, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis, progressive interstitial fibrosis, or any of the causes of acute renal failure.

⑶肾小球肾炎是肾小球中出现免疫复合物引起蛋白泄露至尿液。该疾病可能由癌症、心蠕虫病、子宫蓄脓、立克次氏体感染或系统性红斑狼疮引起。该疾病可导致慢性肾衰、低蛋白血症，而低蛋白血症可引发腹水、周围水肿和肾病综合征，肾病综合征则可进一步引发高血压或高凝状态。
Glomerulonephritis is the presence of immune complexes in the glomerulus, resulting in leakage of protein into the urine. It can be caused by cancer, heartworm disease, pyometra, rickettsial infection, or systemic lupus erythematosus. It can result in chronic kidney failure, hypoalbuminemia, which can cause ascites and peripheral edema, and nephrotic syndrome, which can cause hypertension or hypercoagulability.

⑷家族性肾脏病是一种不常见的、在幼犬中引起肾衰竭的疾病。大多数病例都与犬种相关，有些则是遗传的。
Familial renal disease is an uncommon cause of renal failure (kidney failure) in young dogs. Most causes are breed-related (familial) and some are inherited.

膀胱疾病 Urinary bladder diseases
⑴膀胱结石常见于犬类。膀胱内形成的结石大小和数量不一，继发于感染、饮食影响和遗传因素。结石按成分分为：磷酸铵、草酸钙、尿酸、胱氨酸、钙磷酸盐和硅酸盐。最常见的是磷酸铵和草酸钙结石。
Bladder stones or uroliths are common in dogs. The stones form in the urinary bladder in varying size and numbers secondary to infection, dietary influences, and genetics. Types of stones include struvite, calcium oxalate, urate, cystine, calcium phosphate, and silicate. Struvite and calcium oxalate stones are by far the most common.

⑵尿路感染，尤其是膀胱炎或膀胱感染，常见于犬类，通常因细菌感染引起。临床表现包括：血尿、排尿困难和尿频。从尿路感染患犬尿液中培养出来的最常见的细菌是大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、奇异变形杆菌、链球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肠杆菌。
Urinary tract infection, specifically cystitis or bladder infection, is common in dogs and usually caused by bacteria. Signs include blood in the urine (hematuria), difficulty urinating (dysuria), and frequent urination (polyuria). The most common types of bacteria cultured from the urine of dogs with cystitis are E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus spp. , Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.

⑶尿失禁是尿液不受控制的泄露。成年犬尿失禁一般因尿道括约肌失能所致，而幼犬则因输尿管异位（先天的输尿管向后进入尿道括约肌）所致。成年犬中，该疾病最常见于大型的绝育母犬。雌激素的缺乏与尿失禁的发生有关。雌激素替代物，苯丙醇胺，和手术被用于治疗该疾病。
Urinary incontinence is leakage of urine, usually due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter in adult dogs and ectopic ureter (a congenital condition in which the ureter enters the urinary tract posterior to the urethral sphincter) in puppies. In adult dogs it is most commonly seen in large spayed females. The lack of estrogens in spayed dogs has been linked to development of incontinence. Replacement of estrogens, phenylpropanolamine, and surgery have all been used for treatment.

生殖疾病 Reproductive diseases
⑴犬类的前列腺疾病包括良性前列腺增生症、前列腺炎、癌症、囊肿和脓肿。良性前列腺增生症是最常见的犬类前列腺疾病，发生于老年未绝育犬。临床表现包括：血尿和大小便费力。绝育是治疗的首选。前列腺炎可能与良性前列腺增生症相关。引起前列腺炎的微生物有：大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、链球菌和支原体。
Prostate disease in dogs includes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis (infection of the prostate), cancer, and cysts and abscesses. BPH is the most common and is found in older intact (not neutered) dogs. Signs include blood in the urine and straining to urinate and defecate. Castration is the treatment of choice. Prostatis can be associated with BPH. Bacteria causing prostatitis include E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Mycoplasma spp.

⑵隐睾指一个睾丸在经过一个正常的发育阶段后仍留存于腹部或腹股沟管。该疾病常发于犬，并被认为具有限性常染色体隐性遗传特征。
Cryptorchidism is when one the testicles is retained in the abdomen or inguinal canal past a normal stage of development. It is a common occurrence in dogs and is thought to be a sex-limited autosomal recessive trait.

⑶假孕，或称为假妊娠，是一种常见于未绝育母犬的状况。临床表现包括：乳腺肿胀、泌乳、绝食和对一些物品表现出母性。
False pregnancy, or pseudocyesis, is a common condition in female intact dogs. Signs include swelling of the mammary glands, lactation, not eating, and "mothering" small objects.

⑷子宫蓄脓指子宫感染。是犬类常见，并可能致命的疾病。母犬发病的高危期是发情周期结束后的8周。
Pyometra is an infection of the uterus. It is a common and potentially fatal condition in dogs. The main risk period for a female is for eight weeks after her peak standing heat (or estrus cycle) has ended.

脐疝 Umbilical hernia
脐疝是脐环腹壁闭合不全。该疾病非常常见，可以由遗传、脐带牵引或脐带的剪切过于贴近身体所致。可以通过手术矫正。
Umbilical hernia is a failure of the umbilical ring of the abdominal wall to close. They are very common and can be caused by genetics or by traction on the umbilical cord or by the cord being cut too close to the body. They are corrected by surgery.

腹股沟疝 Inguinal hernia
腹股沟疝是腹部内容物通过腹股沟管向外的凸起。可以通过手术矫正。
Inguinal hernia is a protrusion of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal. They are corrected through surgery.

中毒和药物过量 Poisons and overdoses

⑴对乙酰氨基酚过量能损伤犬只的肝脏。造成毒性的剂量为每公斤体重150毫克。
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) can cause liver damage in dogs. The toxic dose is 150 mg/kg.

⑵布洛芬过量能引起犬只胃肠道刺激、犬胃溃疡和肾脏损伤。
Ibuprofen (Advil) can cause gastrointestinal irritation, stomach ulcers, and kidney damage in dogs.

⑶萘普生在犬体内有很长的半衰期，能引起胃肠道刺激、贫血、便血和呕吐。
Naproxen (Aleve) has a long half-life in dogs and can cause gastrointestinal irritation, anemia, melena (digested blood in feces), and vomiting.

⑷防冻液对犬只来说非常危险，能引起中枢神经系统抑郁症和犬急性肾衰竭。中毒发生后8小时内必须接受治疗才能起到作用。
Antifreeze is very dangerous to dogs and causes central nervous system depression and acute renal failure. Treatment needs to be within eight hours of ingestion to be successful.

⑸鼠药中毒常见于犬。大多数杀灭啮齿动物的药剂为抗凝血剂，可消耗维生素K。这种药物中毒是宠物中毒的最常见的类型。第三代产品含有溴鼠灵或溴敌隆，只要摄入一次就可导致中毒。临床表现包括自发和大量的流血和内出血。治疗使用维生素K补充剂。其他的啮齿动物灭杀剂可能含有胆钙化(固)醇（维生素D3），可引起高钙血症从而导致心脏和肾脏问题。新型的鼠药可能含有溴杀灵，可导致中枢神经系统问题，如癫痫、肌肉震颤和抑郁症。
Mouse and rat poison ingestion is common in dogs. Most rodenticides in the United States are anticoagulant by depleting Vitamin K. This type is the most frequent cause of poisoning in pets. Third generation products contain brodifacoum or bromadiolone and are toxic after a single ingestion. Signs include spontaneous and excessive bleeding internally and externally. Treatment is with Vitamin K supplementation. Other rodenticides may contain cholecalciferol which causes hypercalcemia and leads to heart and kidney problems. Newer rodenticides may contain bromethalin which causes central nervous system signs such as seizures, muscle tremors, and depression.

⑹犬类的体外驱虫剂（灭跳蚤和蜱）通常含有有机磷或氨基甲酸酯类物质。可被皮肤、结膜、消化道和肺吸收。有机磷能不可逆转地抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶，氨基甲酸酯类物质可逆转性地抑制胆碱酯酶。当药物过量或使用农用产品时会产生毒性。临床表现包括：多涎、呕吐、嗜睡、震颤、行走困难、虚弱，甚至死亡。
Insecticides used in dogs for fleas and ticks commonly contain either organophosphates or carbamates. they can be absorbed through the skin, conjunctiva, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. Organophosphates inhibit acetylcholinesterase irreversibly and carbamates inhibit cholinesterase reversibly. Toxicity occurs through overdosage with an appropriate product or use of an agricultural product. Signs for both include hypersalivation, vomiting, lethargy, tremors, difficulty walking, weakness, and death.

⑺巧克力是犬类中毒的常见原因。巧克力中毒是因为其含有可可碱和咖啡因。面包房的巧克力是最危险的一种，因为它含有高浓度的可可碱和咖啡因，其后依次是半甜巧克力、黑巧克力，然后是牛奶巧克力。巧克力中毒的症状有：呕吐、腹泻、振颤、行走困难、癫痫和心脏问题。
Chocolate is a common cause of poisoning in dogs. The toxic principles in chocolate are theobromine and caffeine. Baker's chocolate is the most dangerous form since it contains higher concentrations of these drugs, followed by semi-sweet, dark, and then milk chocolate. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, difficulty walking, seizures, and heart problems.

⑻铅中毒在犬类中不常见。舔食含铅油漆（1950年之前一般房屋的油漆中含有铅）和其他含有铅的物质，如子弹、捕鱼坠、铅球等，能引起铅中毒。症状包括：呕吐、腹泻、失明、癫痫和振颤。
Lead poisoning is uncommon in dogs. Exposure to lead is from eating paint chips from lead-based paint (found in houses painted prior to 1950), and eating lead objects such as shot, fishing sinkers, or counterweights. Signs of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, blindness, seizures, and tremors.

⑼摄食葡萄干和葡萄是潜在的引起犬只肾衰竭的原因。
Raisins and grapes are potential causes of kidney failure in dogs.

猎鹰斯塔福犬舍

好长呀，没看完，先收藏了

johnnnnie

真专业啊  辛苦  帮顶  没看完

黑辣椒

好累呀 辛苦了哥们！！！

般若空明

黑辣椒 发表于 2014-10-10 21:54
好累呀 辛苦了哥们！！！

还有一类，其他的，搞不出来了{:4_107:}