老皮萨罗的文章，我想每一个真正的发烧友都应该看看

御翎尉

一个真正的发烧友 对杜宾的痴迷不在于看几张照片 知道几个狗的名字 我们需要的是强大的理论知识 寻求英语达人和真正的发烧友 不管论坛风雨几何 我们只坚守心中最初的那份爱



Learning is not an event by Pierluigi Pezzano

Essential elements of the type that characterize the dobermann breed and judgment criteria
by Pierluigi Pezzano

Learning is not an event

Knowledge cannot be gained through a single event; in fact, it is the result of a continuous process of learning. So it is in every field and profession. For that reason, it’s not easy to judge or to breed. To judge correctly and to breed properly requires having lived some efficacious experiences through which we can gain the right conclusions that we can revise and continually improve by study and comparison. This allows the judge and the breeder to take part in the process of selection and genetic improvement of the dobermann and to decide on it.The official zootechnical evaluations (shows, aptitude tests, work tests) are useful for choosing – according to what is available from the phenotype – the best specimens for breeding and for excluding from it the ones that are presumed to be deteriorating.
Actually, it is the judgement to influence the breeding and both them work on selection and breed improvement. The judgement in canine zoognostic is the expression of an attentive and consistent evaluation written in a concise and complete way, that must correspond to a qualification and, if there’s comparison, to a list.
However we have to keep in mind that when we judge dogs, the quality of the judge’s decisions depends on the interpretation of the standard of the breed according to his ability in order to:
•        choose the best dogs able to realize their mission in life;
•        choose the more typical ones, starting from the evaluation of the constitutional type and of the breed.
The dobermann selected must be the best one on both these aspects.
Anyway, this choice cannot be arbitrary but, on the contrary, it must be closely connected with the precise principles stated by the standard of the breed. The judgement is the most important aspect, since a wrong judgement brings to wrong conclusions not only as far as the aspects of the morphological-functional evaluation are concerned, but also the character. I’m talking about morphological-functional evaluation because beauty, about dobermann, is essentially functional beauty, that’s to say of adaptation.
This means that the standard requires the dobermann to have all those qualities that make him able to obtain the best performance with the minimum effort in the function he has been created for. So, the characteristics that take to concept of beauty are those that have a fundamental role in order to determine the breed type.
The type is the essential element and if a dog lacks it he doesn’t belong to that breed anymore and he cannot be judged. Therefore with a dog who lacks in type or scarcely typical with such a dog we cannot breed. The ZTP test for the dobermann is based upon this principle. So we must explain clearly what we mean about the type. The type is the sum of the relative qualities required by the breed standard for each region of the body, in the respect of the fundamental elements constituted by the proportions between: height-length; height-body mass; height at the withers – length of the body; height of withers – height of chest and by the notes about character and behaviour that are included in the standard. The ideal type is obtained by respecting precise zoometric, physical and aesthetic parameters and avoiding excessive reinforcements that can cause damage to the image of the breed and, above all, to its use.
In fact, the characteristics of the type concern both the structure and the movement and the nature and the basic qualities of the dog.
To have a good eye for judgement
The judge has almost three minutes to evaluate each dog and to choose the more typical, with well developed secondary sexual characters, medium size and the most harmonious. So it’s easy to understand that a dog who is properly showed has more chances. The first questions a judge should make himself whilst evaluating a dog are:
•        Is he powerful, elegant, alert, self confident, muscular, with a proud behaviour?
•        Has he a compact body?
•        Is the length of the body proportioned to the height of withers?
•        Are his transverse diameters well proportioned to the longitude ones?
•        Are his angles and his forequarters and hindquarters balanced?
•        Is his head in the right proportion to the height of the withers and of the chest for length and volume?
•        Is the length of the neck in the right proportion to the height of the withers and to the body?
•        Has he excellent bones, dry and strong?
All that to give answer to a single question: “Is he harmonious?”
Many dogs have the lower line longer than the upper line. This can be caused by an anterior angle too open that makes the dog appear longer than he really is or by a thorax hardly developed in height. Other dogs appear to be exactly square, but what about their croups? And their hind angles? Some others have enough long forequarters and narrow chests, is it serious?
All these questions have precise answers that every breeder or dog lover should be able to give if they think and try to reason them out . Instead, this kind of approach should belong to a judge as an expert, it should be part of his judgement criteria and of his professionalism.

御翎尉

Thus, to a judge the first impression is the dog on the whole, I’m talking about a judge who has a good eye for dogs. That’s to say that the judge is so mentally skilled and well trained that his brain, unconsciously, can catch the global image of the dog and immediately perceive the presence or the lacking in qualities.
This makes the difference between an expert and a beginner: the expert realizes immediately what the beginner can see only at the end or can perceive by chance. Having a good eye for dogs is not a gift from nature, on the contrary it’s the result of a process slowly acquired.
The observation about having a good eye, that we often hear at the ring, can be interpreted as the ability to make choices agreed by the public but without knowing the reason why. However this means “consensus on the judgement”, it’s nor science nor art. It’s important to have a good eye for something that other people approve, but to know why a particular characteristic is better than another is something very different from that.
The expert judge is the one who can explain his choices by giving objective, convincing and technically incontestable reasons. To do that, besides having a high competence and knowledge about the standard, the anatomy, the canine zoognostic, the genetics and the zootechnics, the mechanics and the kinematics, the judge has to know the history, the present of the breed and the objectives of breeding too. That’s to say that he must know the point we started from, the situation we are and what we want to achieve. From this point of view, it’s up to breed societies to give the measures, also by giving guide lines and criteria.
The analytical evaluation
In judging the dog by standing still, it would be better to subdivide the body of the dog into three parts head, body, and limbs, that are still subdivided in regions and sub regions. Each region must be identified, localized and limited on its relations with the surrounding regions and it must be described regarding its shape, position, length, height and direction in order to infer its qualities or faults.
The analytical evaluation of a dog is based upon the careful observation of each region and sub region and the relations that are involved in forming the whole of him, unique and indivisible. The harmony of the whole comes out from the harmony of the single regions and sub regions, and in every breed it corresponds to a function that justifies the standard.
The concept of harmony is essential, above all in the dobermann. In fact, the evaluation of the harmony of the whole is fundamental to the criteria of judgement since it also forms the basis of the judge’s ability to recognize whether a dobermann corresponds or not to the constitutional breed type, even before starting analysing the single quality and fault. The constitutional breed type is deduced from the standard, and it’s defined by:
•        the examination of the diametrical proportions;
•        the examination of the structure: body mass(weight + volume), referred to height;
•        the examination of the outlines;
•        the examination of the harmony of conformation.

御翎尉

The evaluations of the outlines, the proportions and the structure so as the relations between the single regions and the height at the withers, are subject to precise scientific rules. Therefore, the cornerstones of judgement criterion must have precise and certain references into the standard of the breed and in the scientific dictate. It’s the same for the basis of the principles of genetic improvement, any other criterion or method are wrong.
The dobermann, as described and requested by the standard, is a galloping breed, with an alert temperament, a very developed cleverness, proud and self confident in every situations. His general appearance is of medium size, with a correct equilibrium between strength and elegance. So he must appear strong and muscularly built, powerful and elegant (by preferably being in the medium size accepted by the standard about the two sexes: 70 cm in males, 65/66 cm in females).
His body is almost square, this means that in the dobermann the length of the body measured from the tip of the shoulder (shoulder blade – humerus articulation) to the tip of the buttock (ischium) is almost equal to the height at the withers. So, regarding his structure, the dobermann is an harmonious galloper, that’s to say that every regions of his body must be well proportioned in length, height and breadth, to the height at the withers and to the body as far as the volume and must have the right direction in comparison with the reference directrix.
In the dobermann, the relations among the single regions are scientifically and coherently determined by that reason that he is a medium size galloper,, harmonious in his structure. Some examples of disharmony are: short head by comparison with the height at the withers or little in proportion to the body, back not well proportioned with the front, neck too weak by comparison with the body or too short in relation to the height at the withers, too little chest or too long forequarters in relation to the height at the withers.
The dobermann is also harmonious in his outlines, that must be straight, that’s to say without interruption or jolts or tooaccentuate height differences. The outlines that we must consider in the judgement are those of the head, the lips, the neck, the back, the croup, the legs, the chest and the abdomen.
The dobermann’s diametrical proportions are inferable by comparing the longitude diameters with the transverse diameters; these relations must therefore be those of a medium size galloper. When the transverse diameters prevail in a visible way we have the strong meso-morph type (shorter bones, fore chest excessively large, muscles developed in high rather than in length…); on the contrary, if thelongitude diameters prevail, we have the dolicomorph type (too long limbs, light head for length and volume, narrow fore chest, little developed chest in height, short and too much sloping croup, too rampant body top line, too much tuck up under line, light bones…). We must pay great attention to all that since at the base of the dobermann genetics there are both dolicho morph and strong meso morph dogs. In particular, we can represent that same genetic base by the geometric shapes hereby represented, from which it’s easy to realize the presence of Alex von Kleinwaldheim as common ancestor of all modern who still influences greatly and negatively the background inbreeding of many of them.
Prof. Giuseppe Solaro used to say that the judgement should begin from the tip of the muzzle and finishes at the tip of the tail, going through all the regions of the body. Experience teaches the judge to synthesize in the judgement the positive and the negative elements that will determine the dog’s classification. I think that the real difficulty to judge correctly is that it’s easier to recognize the qualities rather than the faults in a dog. Maybe this is the difference, not even so thin, that marks the boundary between the expert judge and the profane. This should avoid seeing winning dogs with few faults but without qualities and class (style).

御翎尉

We have already said that the judge, in the course of his job, has to comply with the standard of the breed because in it are described the normal type, that’s to say the ideal of the breed. I know well that the normal type is rare, anyway he’s the ideal to search for according to the morphological harmony and to the function. So, the best way to be useful to the breed is to try to achieve the type as described by the standard, through programs of breeding, shows and zootechnical tests. Working in a different way from this, means to make damage to the breed and also to their own breeding. I’m referring to the fact that some dog lovers, judges and breeders appear to be likely to exaggerate in the search for some characteristics of the type and do not pay the necessary attention to a correct selection of the normal and harmonious dobermann as described by the standard, promoting exaggerations of the type rather than recognize the quality in its right measure.
In order to that, we must keep in mind that, in the dobermann, any deviation from the normality stated by the standard alters the harmony of the whole and or the function or a relative virtue, and, because of that, it must be considered a fault to be penalized according to its deviation from normality. Therefore, also each characteristic exceeding the type, that’s to say the hyper typical regions or sub regions are to be seen as a fault, since they alter the proportions or modify a relative virtue and don’t conform with the standard.
It also happens that many people often confuse the absence of type with the hyper type. In fact, it’s wrong to classify as hyper type, for instance according to the characteristics of his head, a dobermann with a short muzzle and with a large and globular cranium. Who reasons in this way is certainly wrong, because he considers as hyper typical a head that in reality is out of type. Indeed, the hyper type, is the result of a genetic or environment forcing of a virtue, never of a fault. Hyper typical is a head 4/10 longer than the height at the withers, in which, for instance, the muzzle line is longer than the skull line, while the other relations are well kept. On the contrary it’s typical a head quite correct in proportions, axes, volume and outlines, even if longer than the height at the withers: “very good long head, parallel, shaped in the form of a blunt wedge and well proportioned, even if a little disharmonious compared with the height at the withers”. The same head with a muzzle line shorter than the skull line, or presenting another, not serious, fault in the proportions or in the lines, cannot be considered nor typical nor hyper typical; we can say that it is fairly or enough typical, but never very good or excellent. Once more, in the dobermann, we can consider hyper typical an eyelid with a tendency to bend inside to show an entropion, whereas this breed requires a thin and close lying eyelid, in a semi-lateral position in relation to the median axis of the cranium. This example, but it’s not the only one, represents also the case in which a deviation towards the hyper type can lead to disqualifying defaults. Now let’s take fore chest and chest into account.
The fore chest is large, wide and muscular. Its width, measured at the upper front arms edges, must reach 25% the height at the withers. The manubrium of the breastbone must stay at shoulders point level.
The chest must fall well (well developed in height), it must reach the elbow level; the ribs are long, well arched and oblique with well wide inter costal spaces. The lower edge of the fore chest, which overlaps with the lower edge of the breastbone, is long and its line makes a large chord semi circle that goes up towards the abdomen. The circumference of the chest must be almost ¼ more than the height at the withers.
When the dimensions of the breast and chest are very smaller than the expectation and the whole forepart, from the ground to the tip of the funny bone is too long, that’s to say that it greatly exceeds the 51% of the height at the withers, everybody agrees that that dobermann is out of the constitutional breed type.
Instead, it’s often considered as hyper type a dobermann with excessive transverse diameters, very wide chest, very large fore chest, powerful musculature and strong bones. I think this is a wrong way to reason about. In fact, if we consider the function and the speed normal dobermann must develop, I mean a dobermann corresponding to the standard, it’s easy to understand that even the dobermann who has been built to develop strength and not speed is out of the constitutional breed type, since he is slow and powerful, not rapid and full of temperament.
In order to the normality and the hyper type, our late lamented dr. Valter Gorrieri wrote: “Milo, the great sculptor and harmony teacher, whilst modelling his Venus’ proportions, breast and gluteus, had the ability to limit the dosage without falling in those temptations that would have brought him to vain emphases, to form an ideal feminine beauty. Mirone followed these same principles sculpting his Discobolo. Both the artists shaped the image of a woman and of a man who, with exemplary normality, expressed an absolute virtue”.
According to all that, I think that the general characteristics that define the dobermann can be summed up in a few words: “His general conformation is that of a meso morph with a perfect equilibrium between powerfulness and elegance, his body appears to be almost square, his structure and outlines are harmonious”.
His principal characteristics of the type are:
•        the head is chiseled with parallel upper head axes;
•        the stop is well defined;
•        the eyes are middle size, oval, very expressive and semi lateral;
•        the cranium is flat;
•        the muzzle has lateral surfaces fairly convergent, with a straight upper line, well tight flews;
•        the ear is set high, cropped and carried erect (if not cropped, it is flat, triangular shaped, lying close to cheeks, its length is less than a half of the total length of the head);
•        the withers are well pronounced;
•        the neck is elegant, pyramidal shaped, softly curved at the upper outline;
•        the upper outline of the body falls gently from front to back;
•        the skin is thin and fits closely all over;
•        bones and veins well visible under the skin;
•        the hair is short, naturally shiny.
We must give the same importance to the size required by the standard and to the weight of the dog that, in comparison with the height, tells us which his mass is. Size, mass, character and natural qualities of the dobermann strongly influence his way of being from the point of view of the morphology, the functionality and the dynamism.
The Italian school and our culture about selection and the about the morpho functional evaluation of the dobermann are essentially based upon three fundamental concepts:
1.        the dobermann breeding is based upon his equilibrium, his natural qualities and his being typical;
2.        the head tells about the breed;
3.        as stated above, points 1 and 2, the dobermann with a good character and who is closer to the normal type and moves better must win.

The statement “the head tells the breed” seems superficial or evident, on the contrary, if we reason from a technical point of view it’s easy to prove that, while evaluating the particularities of the type, and therefore the qualities of a pure bred dog, the number of regions and sub regions of the head, in comparison with the body, represents the large part of the whole.
In fact, 22 of the 57 regions that form the body belong to the head.
So, it’s not wrong to say that the structure of the regions and sub regions that form the head marks for the great part the type of the dobermann. Naturally, the type of the head is not only due to its length and to the relation between the length of the skull and le length of the muzzle, but it’s due to the type and to the harmony of all its regions. One thing is to say “long and well in proportion”, other is to say “very typical head, parallel, well chiselled, shaped in the form of a blunt wedge, long and well in proportion and well detached from the upper edge of the neck; strong muzzle and jaw, tight lips; oval eyes in semi lateral position, dark ochre iris; correct stop, large and straight muzzle; correctly inserted nose, nostrils with large openings and mobile; flat cheeks; flat cranium; forehead furrow well visible; well contained zygomatic bone; eyebrow still visible; correct Occipital line; ear set high and well carried; thin throat…”.
The dobermann ’s head is dolichocephalic; this means that its longitudinal diameter is more developed than the transverse one. Its total length (measured by the compass or then ruler from the upper front edge of the muzzle to the medium external point of the Occipital crest) reaches the 4/10 of the height at the withers; the length of the muzzle must be a half of the total length of the head, so that the one half of the total length of the head falls upon the horizontal line that links the interior angles of the eyes.
The width between the two bone arches of the skull must be less than the half of the total length of the head; therefore the total head index must be more than 45.
Head Index = Width x 100 / Total Length

御翎尉

Seen from the profile and from the top, the dobermann’s head looks like a blunt wedge; seen from the side we can appreciate its upper outline that is straight like all the other outlines of the dobermann. About the head the straight profile coincides with a perfect parallelism between the axis of the skull and the upper axis of the muzzle.
I want to use this occasion to give, according to scientific basis, a correct definition of these two axes or ideal planes, since it seems to me that many people still don’t know exactly how to individuate and to read in a way technically corrected the parallelism, the convergence and the divergence. I have seen recently a comment on the standard published by the American Dobermann Pinscher Club (they still call the dobermann “dobermann pinscher”…), with some drawings, very precise and very fine, but partly absolutely wrong, as wrong is the great part of the concepts that describe the salient points about the structure and the type of the breed.
The head of all the dogs in the world submits to three upper outlines: straight, concave and convex. These outlines depend on the relation between the upper longitudinal axes of the skull and of the muzzle. This relation is called parallelism or convergence or divergence. The profile of the dobermann’s head is straight, like all its other outlines. This means that the upper longitudinal axes of the skull and of the muzzle are parallel. When the upper axis of the skull meets the upper longitudinal axes of the muzzle there is convergence. When the upper longitudinal ax of the muzzle meets the upper axis of the skull there is divergence.
In fact, in these drawings by prof. Giuseppe Solaro, that represent the parallelism of the Setter, the mono convergence of the Pointer and the very marked divergence of the Italian Bracco, we can clearly see that the upper axis doesn’t not coincide with the upper outline of the skull, on the contrary it consists of the straight line or of the ideal plane that passes from the craniometrical point inion (corresponding to the medium external point of the occipital crest) to the craniometrical point nasion (corresponding to the point where the nasal bones meet the frontal bones). The axis of the muzzle, on the contrary, consists of the straight line or of the ideal plane that follows the upper outline of the muzzle, by linking the upper anterior extremity of the to its posterior extremity, that is at the halfway point of the transverse line that links the internal angles of the eyes.

It’s often a little difficult, for those who don’t have a practised eye to catch the exact reference points, to say whether these two ideal planes or ideal lines are parallel or not, even because, looking at the dobermann’s head from side, the inion and the whole Occipital crest are invisible because hidden by the ears. In this case, a good method is to observe the upper axes while the dobermann is moving with his ears turned back. So everything will be clearer.
I don’t want to give a particular attention to the faults of the head because, as I have already said, about it in Italy we have a good knowledge and good tradition that we ought to emphasize by further improve our products. However I’d like to point out the necessity of paying a particular attention not only to the proportion between the length of the skull and the length of the muzzle (many muzzles are still short) but above all to prominent noses in comparison with the front face of the muzzle and to thin and insufficient jaws often optically hidden by too developed lips rather than by a fleshy chin. These faults, partly improved during the last ten years, go together they are serious not only if considered themselves but because a pointed muzzle and a weak jaw usually denote a certain tendency towards undershot jaw.
When this is absent, we often see lower incisors extremely inclined or little, in order to correct the shortness of the jaw.
On the subject of tooth, it’s all right to pay attention to the alignment of the incisors during the first three years of life of the dog, but it would be more useful to pay the greatest care to the right shot between the incisors and the pre molars. In many dogs, the canines are too separated and the pre molars close badly. The judge should always notice these faults and penalize them according to their gravity.
About that, we must consider that the faults concerning canines and pre molars that close badly often seriously condition the shot of the mouth and also the correct occlusion of the lower incisors with the upper ones.
As far as the evaluation of the head, I only want to add two things. The first one concerns the eyes, the second is about the under orbital region. In a dog, the position of the eyes is very important because it is closely connected with the conformation of the orbits and of the skull, so it is a very important index of type. In the dobermann this position is semi lateral, even if to the minimum, according to the median axis of the skull.
The eyelids are close lying and middle sized. They must be oval, neither round nor slit. The interior angle of the eyelid must be at the same distance between the front edge of the nose and the extreme external tip of the occipital crest. Therefore, there many dogs with eyes in sub frontal position and others in lateral position. Faults as such, fortunately not too common, are serious since they disfigure the expression of the breed. The eyes tell everything in a dobermann. His frank and direct look, expressive, ablaze and sometimes pushy, is his prerogative since it expresses the impetuous and generous being that characterizes our breed. However it’s very difficult to appreciate all that when we see a dobermann with little and deep set eyes.
This absolute fault (that so is for all breeds), that we find more and more frequently in Europe, is genetically passed on and it often exceeds in microftalm that represent an out and out disease. So it’s correct that judges and breeders pay the greatest attention to this problem.
According to the standard, the head of the dobermann, in each part, must not have wrinkles, the skin is thin and well close to underlying tissues, that’s to say absolutely soft and smooth, that makes you get a glimpse of the salient bones and the veins, as to emphasize its fine feature.
This means that the whole head of the dobermann must be very well chiselled. In particular, the sub orbital region is strictly connected with this concept since its characteristics are determinant to exalt the dobermann’s expression and his type.
The sub orbital region must be well chiselled; this means that it must have some protrusions that show a smooth and very thin skin, very little cellular tissue under the skin, muscles lightly developed.
The sub orbital region includes a semicircle under the lower edge of the orbits. Its anatomic base is the upper part of the mascellar bone, part of the cheek bones and the orbits. Above all that, to be well chiselled means that the base of the cheek bone is little developed and so is the upper mascellar bone, which thinness shows the shapes of the two molars and of the sub orbital hole.
All these shapes are more marked in a thin bone, as the dobermann should have, and are his particularities. Unfortunately the lack of these characters is rather common in Europe. It reveals thick skin, an exaggerate development of the under skin and muscular tissues as well as the mascellar bone and the base of the cheek bone, all that denotes scarce distinction: this fault is commonly called “kneaded head” or “not chiselled”.
The dobermann ’s neck is like a blunt pyramid with the base down and a blunt top where the head is connected. The length of the neck, measured from the nape to the cranial edge of the withers, with the neck in distension, must be at least equal to the length of the head, or it must at least reach the 4/10 of the height of withers. Down, the neck must widen gradually and harmoniously toward the body: such harmony depends on the position of the shoulder blades and of withers; only high withers and well oblique shoulder blades make possible this harmonious fusion both on the sides and in high. In the dobermann, the neck must be carried erect, proudly and with nobility. The neck must be well muscled and this is very important because these muscles condition the movement of the dog (head-neck balancing) and are important for the movement of the arm and of the shoulder and for the solidity of the dorsal – lumbar region during the movement.
A weak neck, fortunately rare to find in our breed, is a very bad fault in every breed; in fact, besides being disharmonious in comparison with the other regions of the body, it reveals weak physical structure and scarce endurance.

御翎尉

The dobermann’s neck, moreover, must be well dry – it must not have any skin pleats at the lower edge; its upper outline shows a light convexity that starts just after the end of the nope and disappears while extending towards withers.
Beyond the problems of flaccid skin that are diminishing in the last years, today we often see short necks, sometimes a little light, or cylindrical and a little flat, rarely weak necks, as already said. A dumpy neck gives the dobermann very ordinary features.
Both a short neck and a cylindrical one are bad, that’s to say that there’s no harmony in forming a whole with the next regions, in particular shoulder, withers and back. This is always due to a short and badly sloping shoulder causing also some important faults in movement: dogs that fall ahead, problems while moving ahead the fore limbs, centre of mass moving backward, etc….
Related to the structure, we must notice that short shoulder is often connected with a short arm little sloping and with flat withers. It’s easier to see the fault about a short arm; whereas the judge avoids evaluating the length and the inclination of the shoulder because it’s more difficult to do. However we have to keep in mind that the most serious fault of the forequarters is always the shoulder, because it is more determinant than the arm in the mechanics of movement. Another important factor that influences negatively the proportion of our dobermann is the forearm that is often too long. Unfortunately, as we I have already said, this fault often is accompanied by a deviation of the type towards the greyhound.
The dogs that have these faults must be penalized also in breeding since the excessive length of the forearm often alters the proportions between height and length of the dog and, therefore, the type (dogs shorter than tall with rampant upper lines). For reason of time, this can not be a complete argumentation anyway I want to announce you a forthcoming accurate treatise on this subject that I hope will arouse your interest. However, according to my objectives in writing this document, and even about the faults that nowadays characterize the dobermanns in Europe, I cannot leave out the upper outline of the body, the croup, the fundamental concepts about movement and, last but not least, the character. The upper outline of the body involves the back, the loins (kidneys) and the croup. Right now I want to say that, in every work breed, a well structured loin has one only correct outline: the convex one. In canine galloping breeds, that like the dobermann must have a very fast gallop, but also a remarkable endurance, the back outline has to be almost straight. By the dog’s anatomy we know that the function of the cervical ligament is to tense, lift up and give rigidity to the dorsal-lumbar part of the backbone. If this ligament is relaxed and weak, the spiny protuberances of the dorsal small bones converge towards their top causing the so called “saddle back”; in this case the dog has scarce endurance and is a little fast, on the contrary the “kyphotic back” is rigid and damages the flexibility of the spine causing difficult and skipping movements.
Unfortunately still nowadays there are dobermanns who show weak backbones even standing still. An excessively long and/or frail kidney can make this problem worse. On the contrary, the kidney must be short, large and wrapped in muscles. If both back and kidney are weak, the problem is serious and we must pay great attention in judging and above all in breeding. Another reason to give attention is the croup. About it, even if in the last fifteen years things have improved, there still are many dogs that have a short croup excessively sloping.
From a functional point of view, about the coup the slope is much more important than the length since it is fundamental for the movement. Such a consideration is not difficult to understand for anyone has elements of mechanics and animal physics of movement, even if approximate.

御翎尉

In fact, the croup in its essential skeleton base, (Ilium and ischium) is the region through which the back push is given, therefore, if the slope is bad the dog’s gait will be seriously lacking. A croup that is too sloping will condition the back push up even if the hindquarters and the angles are correct, nor it’s worth the attention some handlers have to force the dog to move with the neck lifted by the collar. When this happens, the good judge already knows that the slope of the croup and/or the shoulder and of the arm is wrong. The evaluation of the dog while he is moving (at an ordinary walk, at a little trot and at a fast trot) is useful to verify if the harmony the dog shows standing still is real or is apparent. The main faults about the gait a judge should pay attention in the ring, are:
•        too razing gait, it is said that the dog walks too close to the ground when, because of a defective structure or problems of character, he lifts too little his limbs from the ground;
•        wobbly gait, it is said that the animal wobbles when he moves in a marked way his centre of gravity to the side. This happens when the dog ambles because of a fault of the push or when he’s weak and tired;
•        crossing gait, it is said that the dog crosses in the front biped as in the back, or in both them, when his limbs make a trajectory that is not parallel to the median ideal plane that cuts the body into two halves in length and are inclined to cross. As far as the front is concerned, this kind of gait can be considered defective when the fault is very marked since the dog, like all the quadrupeds, at trotting, takes always the limbs a little towards the inside as he is toeing in. On the contrary, as far as the hindquarters are concerned, any little deviation is a fault because they always must move parallel to the median plane of the body.
A gait is considered correct when:
1.        the rhythm is regular;
2.        the limbs move parallel to the median plane of the body;
3.        the movements are rapid and elastic;
4.        the articulations are in perfect harmony with the movements of the body;
5.        the horizontal and lateral movements are modest.
Behaviour And Character
The standard states about the behaviour, the character and the natural qualities of the dobermann:“The Dobermann must be fundamentally friendly and calm; he’s very devoted to the family and he loves children. In the Dobermann a medium temperament and a medium alertness is desired. The Dobermann is easy to be trained and he enjoys working and at the same time he must be courageous and show a strong character. Since the Dobermann is very attentive to everything happens around him and has an adequate reaction to circumstances, we appreciate the fact that he’s very self confident and intrepid”.
In order to the character, I want to tell in advance my personal belief: everybody talks about the character but just a few know its meaning. This is a big problem because, for instance, many breeders still believe to be able to judge themselves the character of their dogs, avoiding putting them to the required tests that are necessary to give an evaluation as much as possible objective.
On the contrary, I believe that to understand in a correct way the character of a dog or, much better, to realize his nature in its various aspects and individual particularities is much more difficult than pick out the positive and negative notes that characterize the same dog according to the type and the structure. The character and the natural qualities of the dobermann are well described in the standard, so every judge, breeder and dobermann lover should understand and know that this evaluation cannot be disregarded and must be done in the correct way before qualifying any dog and, above all, before allowing him to reproduction.
In a show the judge’s observation is objectively limited to the dog’s behaviour because the evaluation of the natural qualities and more in general of the dobermann’s qualities as a working dog are tested by the Ztp and the other sporting and training tests. So let’s see some behaviours or signals that are usual in insecure, nervous or fearful dogs.
In the ring some dobermanns show a great insecurity or fear when they are measured or when we control their teeth or their testicles, or more easily when the judge goes near him. Others, especially some females, show to fear their fellows.
From young class forward, dogs like those must be excluded from judgment and the same is for those dogs that show aggressiveness towards man or an excessive aggressiveness towards the other dogs. To tell the truth, in most cases it is a question of false aggressiveness or aggressiveness due to insecurity and fear.
I think the judge can avoid excluding the babies and the juniors who show insecurity or fear because, at that age, the character (genetic predisposition + environmental influence) is not completely formed. Moreover also in these classes the dog’s behaviour should be described and the qualification should be visibly influenced by it.
The experience in the ring should have taught to realize immediately any different expressions and insecure behaviours of the dobermann.
The first information can be given by the way the dog moves when he gets into the ring. In this phase we happen to see some dogs entering insecurely, a little stiff, walking “on tiptoe” that’s to say almost grazing the ground rather than putting the limbs on it strongly, securely and in a relaxed manner. Such behaviour, after having been verified during the judgment through other signs, in most cases will demonstrate that that dog is insecure.
There are other dobermanns who dilate the eyelids and lay bare the cornea as soon as the judge goes towards them and before he touches them, moving jerkily the ears laterally backwards and visibly lowering the tail, these are signs of serious insecurity or fear. The same is for those dogs who, if not called from the outside, trot holding the head high keeping the ears erect and the neck almost vertically. Unless these dogs have a serious fault of inclination of the shoulder, there are looking around with concern and are looking for protection because they feel possible dangers by being in an unknown situation.
On the contrary, a secure dog that walks or trots calmly, holds his head lower with the neck in an almost horizontal position and turns his ears laterally backwards. Anyway, the behaviour of the same handler often suggests the judge the character of the dog.
In all these cases above we must keep in mind that if these behaviours influence decidedly the judgment, even without exceeding, we must give evidence to the handler.
It means that the handler has to be aware of the situation and understand it without the judge raging and humiliating the dog

御翎尉

学习不是件难事
知识的来源是多元化的，对于繁殖和裁判而言，因为涵盖的知识太多，所以并非简单的事情，要想正确的裁判和繁殖就必须基于不断的积累和学习。饲养者改良杜宾非常好的途径就是一些健康检查和能力测试包括展示、能力测试、工作测试，然后筛选最好的标本就行繁殖，使杜宾水平得到提升。
事实上，这正是判断杜宾好坏，寻找正确的神经类型，加强繁殖的基础。一个全面的、细致的兽医学评估是必须的，如果要对比不同的狗 ，可以做出一个对比表。
然而我们必须记住，当我们评价狗的时候，裁判的判决取决于他对标准的理解：
1、        选择最好的狗 实现它的价值
2、选择最接近于标准的狗
最好的杜宾必须是在以上两个方面表现最好的统一体，不管怎么样，判断不是随意做出的，相反判断必须基于该犬种的标准，因此裁判的工作很重要，否则一个错的判断会让整个犬种的发展走向歧途。
这意味着标准要求杜宾拥有这些品质，让他获得用最小的努力获得最佳的表现的能力，因此这样漂亮的特点才会是饲养中最基础的因子
如果一只狗缺乏这样的素质那裁判是不会选择他的，杜宾犬的zpt试便是基于这一原则。因此我们必须搞清楚我们所说的素质，到底是什么？这个素质总的来说就是各部位的繁殖标准，要尊重身体各部分的比例类如：身高和长度、身高和重量、马龙肩的高度和身体的长度、马龙肩的高度和胸部的顶点，性格和动态都要符合标准。这样理想的素质是通过兽医学鉴定、物理动态、审美观点得来的标准，但是不要过度的夸张，因为这样的夸张会破坏繁殖出理想的杜宾犬。
事实上我们所关注的这样素质既包括结构特点也包括动态，这才是一只高素质杜宾应该具备的基础条件

杜宾行者

真的看不懂{:5_113:}

杨小飞

慢慢研究~~~~

chriang

看不懂啊{:4_110:}

65788

{:5_126:}{:5_126:}

绍兴猛男

虽然看不懂还是要顶下

我的慕尼黑

学习不是一个事件,Pezzano Pierluigi


基本元素的类型特有的杜宾犬品种和判断标准

通过Pezzano Pierluigi


学习不是一个事件


知识不能通过单独的事件;实际上,它是一个连续的过程的结果的学习。所以在每一个领域和职业。出于这个原因,它不是那么容易判断或繁殖。正确判断和孳生妥善需要住过一些有效的经验,我们通过它可以得到正确的结论,我们可以修改并不断改进研究和比较。这允许法官和饲养员参加的筛选过程和遗传改良的杜宾犬,并决定它。官方的畜牧学的评估(显示,能力测试,测试工作)是非常有用的选择——是根据什么可以从表型——最好的标本进行繁殖,从它对排除那些被认为是在恶化。

实际上,这是判断影响繁殖和他们工作在选择和品种改良。在犬类zoognostic的判断是一个细心的表达和一致的评估写在一个简洁而全面的方式,必须对应于一个资格,如果有比较,到一个列表。

然而我们必须记住,当我们判断狗的质量,法官的决定取决于对标准的理解该品种根据他的能力为:

•选择最好的狗能够实现他们的人生使命;

•选择更典型的国家,从评价体质类型和品种。

杜宾犬的选择必须是最好的一个在这两方面。

不管怎样,这个选择不能任意但,相反,它必须紧密联系精确的原则表示了该品种的标准。这个判断是最重要的方面,因为一个错误的判断带来错误结论不仅至于方面的形态功能评估有关,而且这个角色。我正在谈论的形态功能评估,因为美丽,杜宾犬,本质上是功能性美容,那是说的适应。

这意味着标准要求杜宾犬都这些品质,使他能够获得最佳的性能和最小的努力在函数中他已经创建。所以,这个特点,拿去美丽的理念是那些有一个基本的角色来确定品种类型。

我的慕尼黑

因此,对法官的第一印象是狗总的来说,我谈论的是一个法官的眼力很好,狗。这是说,法官是如此精神熟练,训练有素,他的大脑,不知不觉地,能赶上全球形象的狗,马上下理解或缺乏的品质。

这可以区别一个专家和新手:专家意识到立即初学者可以看到只有在末端或能感知的机会。有一个好眼力,狗不是来自大自然的礼物,相反它的结果的一个慢慢过程获得的。

观察有一个良好的眼睛,我们经常听到的环,可以解释为有能力做出选择同意由公共但不知道为什么。然而这意味着“共识的审判”,它也不是科学,也不是艺术。它是很重要的一个好眼力,任何其它人赞成,但是要知道为什么某一特性比另一种截然不同的东西。

专家判断是谁能解释他的选择给予客观的,令人信服的和技术上无可争辩的理由。为了做到这一点,除了拥有一个高能力和知识的标准,解剖学,宠物zoognostic,遗传学和畜牧学、力学和运动学,法官必须知道他的历史,目前该品种的育种目标太。这是说,他必须知道这一点我们一开始,我们现在所处的形势和我们所要达到的。从这个角度来看,这是繁育协会给措施,还通过给予指导线路和标准。

分析评价

在评判狗站仍然,最好将岩体的狗分成三个部分头、躯干和四肢,仍和子区域划分区域。每个地区都必须识别、本地化和有限的关系问题上与周围的地区,它必须被描述关于它的形状、位置、长度、高度和方向来推断出它的品质或故障。

分析评价的一只狗是建立在仔细的观察每个地区和子区域和关系,参与形成整个他,独特的,不可分割。和谐的整个来自单一地区的和谐和子区域,并在每个品种它对应于一个函数,证明了标准。

和谐的概念是至关重要的,尤其是在杜宾犬。事实上,评价的和谐整体是基本的标准判断,因为它也建立了基础的法官的辨识能力,杜宾犬是否或不对应的宪法品种类型,甚至在开始分析单一质量和故障。宪法的breed类型推导出标准,它被定义为:

•考试的直径的比例;

•考试的结构:体重(重量+卷),被称为高度;

•考试的轮廓;

•考试和谐的形态。

我的慕尼黑

评估的概述,这个比例和结构,单一地区之间的关系和肩胛骨高度,受制于精确的科学法则。因此,判断准则的基石必须精确和某些引用到的标准的品种和科学的规定。同样的原则的基础的遗传改良、任何其他标准或方法是错误的。

杜宾犬的描述和要求的标准,是一个飞驰的品种,通过警告气质,一个非常发达的聪明,骄傲和自信,在每一个情况。他的一般外观是中等大小,有一个正确的平衡力量和优雅。所以他必须出现强劲和竞争修建,强大和优雅(最好是在接受中等大小的标准对两种性别:70厘米的雄性,65/66厘米雌性)。

他的身体几乎是广场,这意味着在杜宾犬的身体长度测量从鼻尖肩膀(肩胛骨-肱骨关节)到刀尖的臀(坐骨)几乎等于肩胛骨高度。所以,对于他的结构、杜宾犬是一种和谐的旋转木马,每个地区的说,他的身体一定比例的长度、高度和宽度,肩胛骨高度而身体到体积和一定的方向是正确的,在比较与参考准线。

在杜宾犬,单一地区之间的关系是科学、连贯地取决于这个原因,他是一个中等大小的旋转木马,和谐的在他的结构。一些不和谐的例子是:短头相比肩胛骨高度或小比例的身体,回不均匀前面,脖子太弱相比身体或太短的关系,肩胛骨高度,太少的胸部或太久前躯的关系,肩胛骨高度。

杜宾犬也是和谐的在他的轮廓,那一定是直的,就是说不间断或颠簸或tooaccentuate高度的差异。我们必须考虑的轮廓进行判断的头,嘴唇,颈部、背部、臀部、大腿,胸部和腹部。

杜宾犬的直径的比例的能推理的比较与横向的经度直径直径;这些关系因此必须在一个中等大小的旋转木马。当横向直径的主流是可见的方式我们有强大的中观变体类型(短的骨头,前胸部过大、肌肉发达的高,而不是在长度…);相反,如果thelongitude直径占上风,我们有dolicomorph类型(太久的四肢,光头长度和体积,狭窄的前胸部,小胸部的高度、短和太多的倾斜的臀部,太猖獗的身体封顶线,太多卷起线下,光骨头…)。我们必须高度重视所有,因为在该基地的杜宾犬遗传学有两dolicho裂变和强大的中观变形的狗。特别是,我们可以代表相同的遗传基础的几何形状特此代表,很容易意识到存在的亚历克斯·冯·Kleinwaldheim作为共同的祖先的所有现代仍然大大影响和负面的背景近亲繁殖,他们中的许多人。

朱塞佩·Solaro教授曾说“判断应从提示喷嘴,完成顶端的尾巴,遍历了所有地区的身体。经验告诉法官合成进行判断的正面和负面的元素,将决定狗的分类。我认为真正的困难来判断正确就是更容易识别的品质而不是缺点在一只狗。也许这就是区别,甚至没有那么瘦,这标志着之间的边界和世俗的专家评审。这应该避免看到赢得一些缺点,但狗没有品质和类(风格)。

我的慕尼黑

我们已经说过,法官的过程中,他的工作,必须遵从标准的品种,因为在它叙述了正常的类型,也就是说这理想的品种。我知道,正常的类型是罕见的,反正他的理想的搜索根据形态学和谐和函数。所以,最好的办法是有用的品种是设法实现类型描述标准,通过程序的繁殖、显示和畜牧学的测试。以不同的方式工作,意味着毁坏的品种和他们自己的繁殖。我指的是,一些狗狗爱好者,法官和育种者似乎可能夸大在寻找一些特性的类型和不支付必要的关注一个正确选择正常的、和谐的杜宾犬被描述为标准,促进夸张的类型,而不是认识到正确的措施的品质。
为了这一点,我们必须记住,杜宾犬,任何偏离了正常表示了标准改变了整体的和谐和或函数或相对的美德,而且,因为,它必须被视为一个断层要受到惩罚根据其偏离常态。因此,也各自特征超过了类型,这是说hyper典型区域或子区域是被视为一个错误,因为它们改变了比例或修改一个相对的美德和不符合标准的。
它也发生,很多人经常混淆缺乏类型超类型。事实上,这是错误的亢奋类型进行分类,例如根据他的头部特征,杜宾犬与短鼻和有一个很大的头盖骨和球状。他以这种方式的原因当然是错误的,因为他认为亢奋,在现实中,典型的一头的类型。事实上,超类型,则由于遗传或环境迫使一种美德,从来没有一个断层。超级典型的是头4/10的时间比肩胛骨高度,,例如,炮口线时间比颅骨线,而其他的关系仍然保留着。相反,这个典型的一头相当正确的比例,斧头、体积和轮廓,即使时间比肩胛骨高度:“很好长的头、并行的形式,形成一个钝楔玉树临风,即使是一点点的不和谐相比肩胛骨高度”。同样的头部枪口线短于颅骨线,或呈现另一个,不严重,断层在比例或线路,不能被认为是典型的也不是超级也不典型的;我们可以说它是相当或足够的典型,但从来没有非常好或非常好的。一次,在杜宾犬,我们可以考虑超典型的眼皮趋势弯曲内显示一个睑内翻,而这个品种需要一个薄并关闭躺眼睑,在半横向位置相对于平均轴的头盖骨。这个示例,但它不是唯一的一个,还代表的情况下的一个偏差对超类型可以导致违约的资格。现在让我们把前胸部和胸进入帐户。
前台胸大,宽,肌肉发达。它的宽度,以上层前手臂边缘,必须达到25%的肩胛骨高度。这个柄的胸骨必须呆在肩上点水平。
胸部必须远远(发达的高度),要达到肘部水平,排骨很长,自然成拱形和斜与偏国米肋的空间。下边缘前胸部,这正好与下边缘胸骨,很长,它的路线使一个大弦半圆,就是向腹部。圆周的胸部都必须¼超过肩胛骨高度。
当尺寸的乳腺癌和胸部非常小于预期,整个前段,从地面到提示的幽默感太长,那是说,它大大超过51%的肩胛骨高度,每个人都同意,杜宾犬的宪法的breed类型。
相反,它往往被视为超级a型杜宾犬与过度横向直径,非常宽胸,非常大的前胸部,强有力的肌肉组织和强壮的骨骼。我认为这是一个错误的方式来思考。事实上,如果我们考虑的函数和速度正常杜宾犬必须发展,我的意思是一个杜宾犬对应的标准,这很容易理解,即使是那些已经建成的杜宾犬开发强度,而不是速度从宪法的breed类型,因为他是缓慢的和强大的,不是快速和完全的气质。
为了正常和超类型,我们最近哀悼的。瓦尔特Gorrieri博士写道:“麦洛,伟大的雕塑家和和谐的老师,同时他的金星的比例,造型乳腺癌和臀肌、有能力限制剂量无坠落在这些诱惑,这也让他徒劳的重点,从而形成了一个理想的女性美。Mirone遵循了这些相同的原则Discobolo雕刻他。两个艺术家塑造女性形象的和一个人,堪称楷模的常态,表达了一个绝对的美德”。
根据这一切,我认为的一般特征,定义了杜宾犬可以归结为一句话:“他的一般构造变形的中观与之间的完美平衡有力和优雅,他的身体似乎几乎广场,他的结构,并概述了和谐”。
他的主要特征的类型有:
•头轮廓分明的平行轴上头;
•停止被很好地定义;
•眼睛是中等尺寸,椭圆形,非常具有表现力和半横向;
•的头盖骨持平。
•炮口有侧表面相当收敛,直上线,好紧下垂;
•耳朵是集高,剪裁和携带直立(如果不是剪裁,它是平的,三角形的形状,躺在接近脸颊,其长度还不到一半的总长度的头部);
很明显的威瑟斯•;
•脖子优雅,锥体形状,微微弯曲的上部大纲;
•上身体的轮廓缓缓的从前到后;
•皮肤薄,适合密切;
•骨骼和血管可见在皮肤;
•头发短,自然地闪亮。
我们必须给予同样的重视标准所要求的大小和重量的狗,在对比的高度,告诉我们他的质量。大小、质量、性格和天然品质的杜宾犬强烈地影响他的存在方式的角度的形态、功能和活力。
意大利学校和我们的文化选择和关于大闪蝶功能评估的杜宾犬本质上是基于三个基本概念:
1。杜宾犬的育种是基于他的平衡,他的自然品质和他典型的;
2。头部讲述了品种;
3。如上所述,分1和2,杜宾犬与良好品格和谁是接近正常的类型和动作必须赢得更好。
该声明“头告诉品种”似乎表面或明显,相反,如果我们原因从技术的角度来看,很容易证明,在评估的特征类型,因此质量纯种狗的数量、地区和子区域的头部,在比较与身体,代表了大整体的部分。
事实上,22岁的57地区形成的身体属于头。
因此,这不是错误的认为结构的区域和子区域形成的头标志,很大一部分杜宾犬的类型。自然,类型的头不仅是由于其长度和长度之间的关系的头骨和le长度的口吻,但这是由于类型和和谐的地区。有一件事是说“长,在比例”,其他的说法是“非常典型的头,平行,轮廓鲜明的,形状的形式,在一个钝的楔子,长,比例,好脱离的上边缘颈部;强大的口吻部和下巴,紧嘴唇,椭圆形的眼睛在半横向位置,黑暗的赭石虹膜;正确的停止,大型和直鼻,正确插入鼻子,鼻孔与大开口和移动;扁脸颊,额头皱纹平头盖骨;可见;良好控制颧骨;眉毛仍然可见,正确的枕线路;ear设置高和井进行,细喉…”。
杜宾犬的头部的长头的;这意味着,其纵向直径是更发达的国家比横向一。它的总长度(以指南针或当时的统治者的上层前沿的口吻对媒体的外部参考枕骨峰值)达到了4/10的肩胛骨高度;炮口的长度必须一半的总长度的头部,以便一半的总长度头落下地平线,联系着室内角度的眼睛。
两者之间的宽度骨拱头骨必须少于一半的总长度的头;因此,总水头索引必须超过45。
头指数=宽x 100 /总长度
看到这个概要文件和从顶部,杜宾犬的头看起来像一个生硬的楔形;从侧面看到我们感激上层的轮廓,是直接与所有其他的轮廓杜宾犬。头部直剖面恰逢一个完美的并行性轴心国之间的头骨和上层轴的枪口。
我想利用这个场合给,根据科学依据的,一个正确的定义这两个轴或理想的飞机,因为在我看来,许多人仍然不清楚如何去一一列举和读的方式在技术上纠正了并行性、收敛性和散度。我最近看到一个评价标准由美国杜宾犬出版品俱乐部(他们依然称杜宾犬”杜宾犬品”…),其中一些图纸,非常精确的和非常好,但部分绝对错了,错的是伟大的部分的概念,描述了要点的结构和类型的品种。
这些狗的头在世界提交到三上概述:直,凹凸。这些概述了依赖关系上纵轴的头骨和喷嘴。这种关系被称为并行性和收敛性或发散。这个概要文件的杜宾犬的头部是笔直的,像所有的其他的轮廓。这意味着上纵轴的头骨和喷嘴是平行的。当上轴的头骨满足上纵轴喷嘴有收敛。当上纵向ax喷嘴满足上部轴的头骨有分歧。
事实上,在这些画作。朱塞佩·Solaro教授,代表平行Setter,mono收敛的指针,很明显分歧的意大利Bracco,我们可以清楚地看到,在上层axis不复验上部轮廓的头骨,相反它由直线或理想的平面,通过从头盖测量的点枕骨隆突(对应于介质外部参考枕骨峰值)到头盖测量的点鼻根(对应的点鼻骨满足额的骨头)。axis的枪口,相反,包括直线或理想的飞机,沿着上部轮廓的口吻,通过连接上前的尽头的其后绝境,这是中途的横向线连接内部角度的眼睛。
这通常是一条小困难,对于那些没有一个老练的眼睛捕捉准确的参考点,表示,是否这两个理想的飞机或理想的条线平行与否,甚至因为,望着杜宾犬的头端,枕骨隆突和整个枕峰值是看不见的,因为所隐藏的耳朵。在这种情况下,一个好的方法是观察上轴而杜宾犬也在以他的耳朵退后。所以一切会更清晰。
我不想给一个特别关注错误的头,因为我已经说过,在意大利我们有一个良好的知识和良好的传统,我们应该强调通过进一步提高我们的产品。然而我想指出支付的必要性不仅要特别注意中的比例头部长度和长度炮口(许多麻袋还短),但高于一切的突出的鼻子相比战线面临的口吻,薄和不足的下巴通常光隐藏太发达的嘴唇而不是肥下巴。这些缺点,部分改善在过去十年里,走在一起时,它们是严肃的不仅如果认为自己,而是因为一个尖下巴口吻部和疲软通常表示一个特定的下巴的倾向。
当这是缺席,我们经常看到的下门齿极倾斜或小,为了正确的短暂颚。
主题的牙齿,可以注意到的校准门齿在人生的头三年里的狗,但它会更有用的支付最关心的事向右门牙之间拍摄和pre的臼齿。在许多狗,狗狗太分离和pre臼齿近严重。法官应该注意这些错误而惩罚他们根据他们的重力。
关于这一点,我们必须考虑到故障有关狗和pre的臼齿,关闭严重经常认真的条件下拍摄的嘴,也正确的闭塞的下门齿与门牙。
至于评价的头,我只想补充两点。第一个担忧眼睛,第二个是关于在轨道区域。在一只狗,眼睛的位置是非常重要的,因为它是紧密联系的构象和颅骨的轨道,所以这是一个非常重要的类型的索引。在这个位置是半横向杜宾犬,即使最低,根据平均轴的头骨。
眼睑接近说谎和中间大小的。他们必须椭圆形,既不是圆的还是狭缝。室内角的眼睑必须在同一间距离的前沿,鼻子和极端外部的尖端,枕峰值。因此,有很多狗的眼睛在次级额位置和其他人在横向位置。缺点是这样的,幸运的是不太常见,都严重,因为他们把表达式的品种。眼睛告诉所有的东西都放在一个杜宾犬。他坦诚和直接看,表达、闪亮的和有时爱出风头,是他的特权,因为它表达了冲动的和慷慨的被作为特征的我们的品种。然而这是非常困难的,珍惜所有,当我们看到一个杜宾犬与小小和深邃的眼睛。
这绝对断层(,所以是为所有品种),我们发现越来越频繁地在欧洲,是基因的传承,而且它往往超过在microftalm代表了一场疾病。所以它是正确的,法官和育种者支付最大的关注这个问题。
根据标准的负责人,杜宾犬,在每一部分,不得有皱纹,皮肤薄,接近潜在的组织,这是说绝对柔软和光滑了,让你看一眼这个突出的骨头和静脉曲张,以强调其优良特性。
这意味着整个头部的杜宾犬必须很好凿过的。特别是,子轨道区域是严格与这一概念因为其特点是行列式的杜宾犬的表达,来赞美和他的类型。
子轨道区域必须凿过的;这意味着,它必须有一些突起,显示出一种光滑、皮肤很薄,非常小的细胞组织在皮肤下的肌肉轻轻发达。
子轨道区域包含一个半圆在较低的轨道的边缘。它的解剖基础的上半部分mascellar骨的一部分,脸颊和轨道。首先,可以很好的凿意味着基地的颧骨是小发达,因此是上mascellar骨瘦显示的形状两颗臼齿和子轨道孔。
所有这些图形则更为明显在一个瘦骨,杜宾犬应该有,而且是他的特质。不幸的是,缺乏这些字符在欧洲相当普遍。它揭示了厚厚的皮肤,一个夸大发展的皮肤和肌肉组织下以及mascellar骨和颧骨的基础,是指稀缺的区别:这种故障是通常被称为“揉捏头”或“不凿过的”。
杜宾犬的年代的脖子就像一个生硬的金字塔与基础下来,钝头被连接的顶部。脖子上的长度,衡量从颈部到颅边缘的威瑟斯,脖子在膨胀,至少必须的长度相等的头,或者至少必须达到4/10的高度,威瑟斯。下来,颈部必须扩大逐渐和和谐对身体的:这种和谐取决于肩胛骨的位置和威瑟斯;只有高威瑟斯和井斜肩叶片制造可能这和谐融合两个侧面和高。在杜宾犬,颈部必须进行直立,自豪和高贵。颈部必须肌肉发达,这是非常重要的,因为这些肌肉条件的运动的狗(头颈平衡),是重要的运动的手臂和肩膀的和可靠的背——腰部在运动。
一个弱的脖子,幸运的是很少找到在我们的品种,是一个非常坏的断层在每个品种;事实上,除了不和谐的比较与人体其他部位的,它揭示了弱的物理结构和稀缺的耐力。
杜宾犬的脖子上,此外,必须好好干——它不应该有任何的皮肤下沿著;其上勾勒出一个光凸性,开始结束后不消失,同时扩展向威瑟斯。
超越问题正在逐渐缩小的皮肤松弛性在过去几年,今天我们常看到脖子短小,有时一盏小灯,或圆柱和一个小平面,很少弱的脖子,因为已经说。一个忧郁的脖子给杜宾犬非常普通的特性。

我的慕尼黑

杜宾犬的年代的脖子就像一个生硬的金字塔与基础下来,钝头被连接的顶部。脖子上的长度,衡量从颈部到颅边缘的威瑟斯,脖子在膨胀,至少必须的长度相等的头,或者至少必须达到4/10的高度,威瑟斯。下来,颈部必须扩大逐渐和和谐对身体的:这种和谐取决于肩胛骨的位置和威瑟斯;只有高威瑟斯和井斜肩叶片制造可能这和谐融合两个侧面和高。在杜宾犬,颈部必须进行直立,自豪和高贵。颈部必须肌肉发达,这是非常重要的,因为这些肌肉条件的运动的狗(头颈平衡),是重要的运动的手臂和肩膀的和可靠的背——腰部在运动。
一个弱的脖子,幸运的是很少找到在我们的品种,是一个非常坏的断层在每个品种;事实上,除了不和谐的比较与人体其他部位的,它揭示了弱的物理结构和稀缺的耐力。
杜宾犬的脖子上,此外,必须好好干——它不应该有任何的皮肤下沿著;其上勾勒出一个光凸性,开始结束后不消失,同时扩展向威瑟斯。
超越问题正在逐渐缩小的皮肤松弛性在过去几年,今天我们常看到脖子短小,有时一盏小灯,或圆柱和一个小平面,很少弱的脖子,因为已经说。一个忧郁的脖子给杜宾犬非常普通的特性。
两个短的颈部和一个圆柱形一个是坏的,就是说,没有形成一个整体的和谐与接下来的地区,特别是肩膀,威瑟斯和背部。这是一个短而总是由于严重斜肩造成一些重要断层的运动:狗,秋天前方,问题而前进前面的四肢,质量中心向后移动,等等…。
相关的结构,我们必须注意,短肩通常与一个短臂上小斜和以平威瑟斯。它是容易看到断层关于一个短臂上;而法官避免评估长度和路肩的倾向,因为它是更困难的工作做。然而我们必须记住,最严重的断层的前躯总是肩,因为它更行列式比臂机制中的运动。另一个重要因素,负面影响的比例的杜宾犬是前臂,通常是太长。不幸的是,当我们我已经说过,这个断层往往是伴随着偏差的类型对灰狗。

我的慕尼黑

这些狗,有这些缺点必须被处罚还在育种在过多的前臂长度经常改变高度和长度之间的比例的狗,因此类型(狗短于高,猖獗的上层行)。对于原因的时候,这可能不是一个完整的论证无论如何我要宣布你即将出版的专著关于这个主题的准确,希望能引起你的兴趣。然而,根据我的目标在写这个文档,甚至对故障特征dobermanns,如今在欧洲,我不能把上面的身体的轮廓,臀部,运动有关,基本概念,最后但不是不重要,这个角色。上部轮廓的身体背部、腰部(肾脏)和臀部。现在我想说的是,在每个工作品种、结构良好的腰有一个只有正确的概述:凸一。在犬类飞驰的品种,像杜宾犬必须有一个非常快速奔跑,但也是一个非凡的忍耐力,背部的轮廓必须几乎笔直。通过狗的解剖学我们知道这个函数颈椎韧带是紧张的,举上,给刚性背腰部部分的骨干。如果这个韧带是放松和虚弱,多刺的凸起小骨头的背趋同前导致所谓的“鞍背”;在这种情况下,狗有稀缺的耐力和有点快,相反“驼背的回”是刚性和损害的灵活性造成困难和不运动的脊柱。
不幸的是现在有dobermanns表现弱脊椎甚至站着不动。一个过长和/或虚弱的肾脏会使这个问题更糟。相反,肾脏一定要短,大型和包裹在肌肉。如果双方都支持和肾脏是薄弱的,这个问题非常严重,我们必须高度重视在判断,尤其是在育种。另一个原因是在臀部给予重视。关于它,即使在过去十五年情况有所改善,但是仍然有许多狗狗,有一个短的臀部过度倾斜。
从功能的角度来看,关于政变,斜率是更重要的要长,因为它是基本的运动。这样的一个考虑因素是不困难的人听的懂的元素力学和动物的物理运动,即使近似。
事实上,在它的基本骨架在臀部基地,(髂骨和坐骨)是该地区通过推动了回来,因此,如果斜率是坏狗的步态会严重缺乏。一个臀部过于倾斜的状态后推高即使后躯和角度是正确的,也不值得注意一些处理程序必须强迫狗跳出脖子举起的衣领。当这种情况发生的时候,好的法官已经知道的坡度臀部和/或肩膀和手臂的是错误的。评估的狗狗,他正在(在一个普通的行走,在一个小快步和处在高速成长期)用于验证和谐狗显示真实或站着不动是很明显的。主要的缺点的步态法官应该注意在环,:
•太破坏步态,据说狗走过于接近地面的时候,因为有缺陷的结构或问题的性格,他拿起他的四肢太少从地面;
•摇摇晃晃的步态,据说动物摇摆时,他开始有了显著的方式他的重心到一边。这发生在当狗因为一个错误的扁扁的push或当他的虚弱和疲惫;
•穿越步态,据说狗穿过在前面的两足动物在背面,或在两个他们时,他的四肢使轨迹,不是平行于中等理想平面,降价的身体分成两半的长度并倾向于十字架。至于前面而言,这种步态可以被认为是有缺陷的短路故障时很明显因为狗,喜欢所有的四足动物,在小跑,需要总是四肢有点向内部作为他脚尖站立在。相反,至于后腿的担心,任何小偏差是一个错误,因为他们总是必须平行移动身体正中面。
一个步态是认为是正确的时间:
1。节奏是常规;
2。四肢的平行移动身体正中面;
3。这些动作迅速、弹性;
4。这个连接是完美的和谐与身体动作;
5。水平和横向运动是适度的。
行为、性格
标准的州关于行为、性格和天然品质的杜宾犬:“杜宾犬必须从根本上友好和平静;他很致力于家庭和他爱的孩子。杜宾犬的气质和中型媒介警觉性,是理想的。杜宾犬的很容易被训练和他喜欢工作,同时他必须勇于并且显示一个坚强的性格。自从杜宾犬非常关注一切都发生在他的周围,有足够的反应情况,我们欣赏了事实,他很自信,并且勇敢的”。
为了这个角色,我想提前知道我个人的信念:每个人都在谈论这个角色只是一个很少有人知道它的意思。这是一个大问题,因为,例如,许多育种者仍然相信自己能判断他们的狗狗的角色,避免将他们所需的测试所必需的一个评估给尽可能多的目标。
相反,我认为,理解正确字符的一只狗,或者更好的去实现自己的自然的各个方面和个人特质的难度远远超过挑选出的正面和负面的指出,描述同一条狗根据类型和结构。字符和天然品质的杜宾犬被详细记录在标准的,所以每一个法官、增殖和杜宾犬爱人应该理解和知道这个评价不容忽视,必须以正确的方式做排位赛之前任何狗,以及最重要的,然后才允许他去繁殖。
在一个显示法官的观察是客观地局限于狗的行为,因为评估天然品质和更一般的杜宾犬的品质作为一种工作犬是测试的氧和其他运动和训练测试。那么,让我们看看一些行为或信号,通常在不安全感、紧张或害怕狗。
在环一些dobermanns表现出强烈的不安全感或害怕当他们测量或当我们控制他们的牙齿或他们的睾丸,或者更容易,当法官去靠近他。其他的一些人,特别是女性,显示他们伙伴的恐惧。
从年轻类向前,狗喜欢那些必须被排除在判断和相同的是对于那些狗显示棕熊对人或过度棕熊对其他狗。说实话,在大多数情况下,这是一个问题的虚假的攻击性或攻击性因缺乏安全感和恐惧。
我认为法官可以避免不包括婴儿和失谁显示不安全感或恐惧,因为在那个年龄,字符(遗传易感性+环境影响)并非完全形成。而且还在这些类狗的行为应该被描述和资格应该明显受其影响。
经验环应该教会来实现不同的表情和不安全及时行为的杜宾犬。
第一次信息可以被赋予的办法让狗出手时他进入环。在这个阶段,我们碰巧看到一些狗进入时,有些僵硬,走“悄悄地”就是说几乎碰到地面而不是让四肢在它强烈、安全及以一种轻松的方式。这种行为,经过审判期间验证通过其他迹象,在大多数情况下将表明,狗是不安全的。
还有其他dobermanns谁扩张的眼睑和暴露了角膜一旦法官还在向他们,在他触动他们,移动迅速的耳朵向后外侧和明显地降低尾巴,这些都是严重的不安全感或恐惧的迹象。相同的是对于那些狗,如果不叫从外面,小跑着头高保持竖起了耳朵和脖子几乎是垂直的。除非这些狗有一个严重的断层倾角的肩膀,环顾四周有关切,正在寻找的保护,因为他们觉得可能的危险通过在一个未知的情况。
相反,一个安全的狗散步或者托派平静,握住他的头部和颈部低在几乎是水平位置并且把他的耳朵向后外侧。不管怎样,相同的处理程序的行为经常建议法官性质的狗。
在所有这些情况下高于我们必须记住,如果这些行为影响明显判断,即使没有超过,我们必须提供证据给处理程序。
这意味着,该处理程序都必须了解情况并理解它没有法官肆虐的、羞辱性的狗

我的慕尼黑

累！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！